代位

In this paper, an iterative approach to potential field continuation from curved surface to plane is proposed. The continuation of potential field data from a curved surface to a plane can be viewed as an inverse problem of upward continuation of plane potential field data, getting a linear integral equation. Through viewing the potential field data on the curved surface as the data on the average elevation plane of the curved surface, then using the wavenumber domain generalized inverse algorithm to downward continue the data from the average elevation plane to a given plane, and a topography correction based on the change of curved surface relative to its average elevation is implemented to the downward continued data on the given plane, finally the downward continued data plane is upward continued to the curved surface.

本文提出一种位场数据曲化平的迭代方法，即通过把位场数据曲化平视为平面位场数据向上延拓的反问题，得到曲化平的线性积分方程，再把曲面上位场数据视为曲面平均高程面上的位场数据，利用向下延拓的波数域广义逆算法把平均高程面上的位场数据向下延拓到设定平面上，再根据曲面和其平均高程面的相对起伏对设定平面上的向下延拓数据进行起伏校正，最后再把所得平面上的位场数据向上延拓得到曲面上的位场数据，并进行迭代。

Five of their single crystals were obtained and their structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. By comparison, it was found that dithiocabamate complexes often formed an exactly planar MS4 unit, such as [Mo(R2dtc)2]; and also formed a special MS 5 unit, such as [Cu2(R2dtc)4], the copper atom lies in a distorted square-pyramidal environment.Four kinds of heteropoly acids were prepared and characterized; a series of solid superacid catalyst of supported heteropoly acid were prepared and characterized; regioselectivites of chlorobenzene mononitration with nitric acid with different heteropoly acid on different supports and reaction conditions have been investigated.

培养并解析了5个该类配合物的单晶结构，通过比较，发现二硫代氨基甲酸盐与过渡金属容易形成四配位结构，金属原子与4个硫原子共平面，比如二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钼；也能形成比较特殊的五配位结构，比如二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸双核铜，Cu原子与5个S原子相连，处于一个变形的四方锥结构的配位环境。

Throughout the course the respective positions of assureds and underwriters are analysed, as also are the special features of the marine insurance contract, the risks covered and the concepts of causation, indemnity, subrogation, co-insurance and reinsurance.

整个assureds和承销商各自的立场进行了分析过程中，由于还属于海上保险合同的特点，涉及的风险和因果关系，赔偿，代位权的概念，共同保险和再保险。

However, as for the new measures having been put forward, it is difficult for the new system of the subrogation right to guaran...

然而从新出台的举措看，新的代位权制度难以切实保障债权人的合法利益，不能完全实现立法者的初衷。

Way of exertion on subrogation is confined to by judgment. Exertion on creditor's right of debtors is not put some limits onin the process of exertion on subrogation. Sanctions on interference behaviors against the exertion of thecreditor's subrogation need to be reinforced.

针对这些缺陷，本文主张债权人代位权应当是指：在债务人未行使其权利时，债权人通过自己的名义，以善良管理人的方式行使非专属于债务人的权利，以保障债权人到期债权实现的权利。

Moreover,advanced and foreign legislation and theories have been leamed.

近二百年来，代位权制度逐步发展和完善，成

It is written from the first contact of the culture between Japan and Europe to the earlyyears of Meiji,and stresses to analyze 5 Shoguns' different choice in Tokugawa age (is thetransitional period of Japan from mid-ages to modern times, also be called Japanese ModernAge).

文章从日欧文明的最初接触写起，终笔于明治初年，着重分析了德川时期(日本由封建社会向资本主义社会过渡的时期，即近世时期)面对强势文明的冲击，五位将军(第1 代将军德川家康、第 3 代将军德川家光、第 8 代将军德川吉宗、第 11 代将军德川家齐、第 13 代将军德川家定)做出的不同选择。

Debtee can but ask for demos court exert the right of subrogation,in pendente lite not have to confirm debtor′s litigate status popularly,the effect of exertion vest in debtee straightly,debtor onus the charge that pay out thereout according to prescribe by law.

债权人只能请求人民法院行使代位权，在诉讼中无须一般地定债务人之诉讼地位，行使之效果直接归属于债务人，由此付出的必要费用直接根据法律规定由债务人负担

On the basis of comparing the relative provisions of CMC and CIL, according to the basic theories of contract law, insurance law and marine insurance law, by reference to the Marine Insurance Act, 1906, laws in some other countries and clauses of marine insurance contract, the author analyzes in this paper the provisions of definition of marine insurance contract, disclosure, warranty, principle of indemnity, double insurance, subrogation, and modification, transfer and cancellation of marine insurance contract as well as rights and duties of the insurer and the insured. The author points out those provisions which are either duplicate, imperfect or reasonable in CMC and CIL, draws the conclusion which provisions shall be deleted, which provisions shall be modified and, if so, how they shall be modified.

本文以比较《海商法》与《保险法》相关规定为基础，结合合同法、保险法和海上保险法的基本理论，适当参照英国《1906年海上保险法》及其他一些国家的规定，并适当参考海上保险合同条款，对我国《海商法》海上保险合同的规定是否应引入投保人的概念，如何规定海上保险合同的定义，告知义务，保证义务，损失补偿原则，重复保险，保险人的代位求偿权，海上保险合同的变更、转让与解除，以及保险人和被保险人的权利义务等问题，进行了详细深入的研究，分析了《海商法》相关规定与《保险法》的重复之处、规定不完善之处以及规定合理之处，并在此基础上，进一步分析了哪些规定应当删除，哪些规定应当修改以及如何修改。

However, it still hasnt made a specific stipulation on the effects of arbitration clause in Bs/L for the insurer who exerts the right of subrogation, and on the judicial application of arbitration clause in Bs/L.

但是，对于提单仲裁条款对行使代位求偿权的保险人的效力问题、提单仲裁条款的法律适用问题等还是没有做出明确的规定。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。