代位

The paper points that the insurance subrogation should comprise two part: the right of subrogation and the jus ad rem of subrogation ; then, the paper analyzes its constitutive requirements, legal relation, essence, characters and its functions.

文章首先为保险代位正名，指出保险代位是保险人享有的、代位行使被保险人对造成保险标的损害而负有民事责任的第三人的求偿权或取得被保险人对保险标的残余物的所有权的一种权利，它应包括权利代位和物上代位两层含义

On the base of the right of subrogation in marine insurance, this paper will do the research from the point of view of action;on the base of existing stipulations and legal theories of the action of subrogation in marine insurance, maritime action and civil action, this paper will consult the foreign correlative theories;not only from the point of view of the legal theories, but also by consulting the cases and usual ways in judicature of our country, this paper will make the research more practical;this paper will also do the research by induction, organon and interests-comparing, etc.

本文将在海上保险代位求偿权制度的基础上，从诉讼角度展开较为系统的研究；在我国现有的海上保险代位求偿诉讼、海事诉讼以及民事诉讼的法律规定和法律理论的基础上，参考国外相关的法律理论，对海上保险代位求偿诉讼的法律问题进行较为系统的研究；不仅从理论的角度，还要参考我国司法实践中的相关案例和通常做法，使得对海上保险代位求偿诉讼的法律问题的研究更贴近实务，更具有实际操作性；运用归纳、推理的逻辑方法，采用利益比较等具体方法，对海上保险代位求偿诉讼的法律问题进行了较为全面的研究。

Moreover,the authors put forward their original views on this subject.

本文结合我国的司法实践，就代位权的含义及实质、代位权的成立要件、代位权的行使及后果进行了分析研究，并提出了一定的见解。

It emphasizes some ordinances with more disputes but faultiness or losing in legislation, and make relevant suggestion: that the insurer exercising the right of subrogation should justify paying the insurance compensation; the insurance compensation of inadequate insurance should be distributed by proportion ,according to the proportion of insurance subject matter assumed by the insurer and the insured; the definite items of the staple of the insured"s synergic obligation , the cost of exercising the synergic obligation should be stipulated by the law; and if the insured doesn"t exercise synergic obligation, he or she should liable for relevant legal responsibility etc.

本文以我国保险代位权的立法现状为出发点，以民商法基本理论为立足点，结合海内外的最新研究成果，将理论研究与实践相结合，运用历史分析、比较分析与实证分析的研究方法，从法学、社会学角度进行分析研究，并取得了以下研究成果：论文构筑了一个对保险代位权研究的综合分析框架；指出保险立法不完善及某些方面冲突等原因，导致保险代位权在实践中未充分发挥作用；提出保险代位权的本质是法律给予保险人减少风险损失的手段，是对社会资源加以公平配置的方式；损害赔偿金在保险人和被保险人之间的分配原则：按照他们各自对保险标的承担的风险比例进行分配；指出在人身保险中不适用代位权以及保险人有权对公法人行使代位权等观点。

Firstly, I made a contract law concept of creditor's subrogation. It is the right of the creditor who suffers to the injure because of the debtor exercise creditor's rights late, so the creditor request the court of the people to subrogate the debtor's right with his own name, and analyze its characteristic.

首先，笔者提出了合同法上债权人代位权的概念，合同法中的代位权，是指债务人怠于行使其到期债权，债权人因此遭受损害而向人民法院请求以自己的名义代位行使债务人债权的权利，并对其特点进行了分析。

And at the basis of analysis of basic theories, the paper construes some problems in practice, including onus probandi in the sue, effectiveness of subrogation to the creditors, the limit of subrogation and so on. Finally, this paper puts forward proposals about legislation administration and judicature with a view to consummating relevant legal system in China.

同时，在分析代位权诉讼中的基本理论问题的基础上，就我国债权代位权制度审判实务中存在的举证责任、代位权行使对债权人的效力、债务人的处分权限制和代位权制度与民诉法上的代位强制执行制度适用冲突等问题进行分析，并在对立法、执法、司法等方面提出对策建议，以求发挥该制度在司法实践中的现实作用。

Concerning the opinions in field of theory that the insurer should be subrogated if compensation made for the insured when the loss and/or damage were not under the insurance coverage, this paper analyses and studies the legal nature of subrogation under insurance scope with that under contract law scope.

本文针对理论界存在的保险人对被保险人就非常保险责任范围内的赔偿可以取得代位求偿权的观点，对保险业中的代位求偿权和新合同法中规定的代位权的法律性质进行了分析研究。

Creditor subrogating right is a forming right. The object of creditor subrogating right in China be limitted in creditor's rights. But in comparative law, this object maybe include requested rights of material right and some additional rights. What kind of right can becoming the object of subrogating right be decided by the exertion purpose of co-suretyship.

摘 要：债权人代位权应是一种形成权，我国代位权的客体仅限于债务人的债权，但在比较法上，该客体尚可能包括物权请求权等其他权利，何种权利能够成为代位权的客体，主要由为共同担保这一代位行使目的来决定。

With regard to the lack of corresponding entity right backing for "execute the third party" according to the procedure law in current Chinese creditor"s subrogation system;the inconsistence between the entity law and the procedure law for the conditions to exercise creditor"s subrogation;the obscure effect of the exercising of the creditor"s subrogation;the indefiniteness of right and status of the parties in the subrogation proceeding and so on,it is suggested that amend the civil code,confine the creditor"s subrogation system,coordinate the rules in entity law and procedure law related to the debtees" to exercise their subrogation,define the creditor"s subrogation,the right and obligation of related parties in the procedure,perfect the rules in procedure law in order to provide proceeding procedure security for the realization of the creditors subrogation.

并针对我国现行债权人代位权制度在程序法中&执行第三人&缺乏相应实体权利依据、实体法与程序法有关债权人代位权行使条件规定不一致、债权人行使代位权效力不清、当事人在代位权诉讼中的地位和权利不明确等诸多缺欠，提出了制定民法典确定债权人代位权制度、协调实体法和程序法中关于债权人行使代位权的规定、明确债权人代位权诉讼相关当事人的权利义务、完善程序法规定为债权人代位权实现提供诉讼程序保障的意见。

There are four typical systems of representation in Canada: per stirpes, American hybrid, per capita representation, and per capita at each generation.

目前加拿大具有代表性的四种规则是：按家系代位继承、美国式混合代位继承、按人数代位继承，以及各亲等中按人数代位继承。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。