从契约

B Benefit and detriment Historically, the mon law action of debt was said to require a quid pro quo, and that requirement may have led to statements that consideration must be a benefit to the promisor But contracts were enforced in the mon-law action of assumpsit without any such requirement; in actions of assumpsit the emphasis was rather on the harm to the promisee, and detrimental reliance on a promise may still be the basis of contractual relief See 90 But reliance is not essential to the formation of a bargain, and remedies for breach have long been given in cases of exchange of promise for promise where neither party has begun to perform Today when it is said that consideration must involve a detriment to the promisee, the supposed requirement is often qualified by a statement that a "legal detriment" is sufficient even though there is no economic detriment or other actual loss It is more realistic to say simply that there is no requirement of detriment

b收益和损害。从历史来看，普通法上的债的行为被认为要求一个等价物，而且这一要求还可能导出这样的结论：约因必须是允诺人获益。但在缺乏这一要求的契约在普通法上的违约之诉中仍然得到执行；在违约之诉中，强调的是对受允诺人的损害，而且对允诺的有害依赖可能仍然是契约救济的基础。参见第90条。但是信赖对协商的成立并非必要性因素，而且在任何一方当事人均未开始履行的允诺交换允诺的案例中，早已规定了违约救济。现在，当有人认为约因必须包括一个对于受允诺人的损害时，其假设的要求经常由此表述得以满足："一个"法律上的损害即使在没有经济损害或者其他实际损失的情况下仍然是充分的。认为没有对于损害的要求的主张是更加现实的。

Forth, different to the previous studies focusing on the standard securities from the angle of complete contract, the dissertation deeply studies the contract design of convertible bond from the angle of incomplete contract.

已有的研究主要是从完全契约的角度针对标准金融契约工具展开的，而本论文则从不完全契约理论下控制权动态配置的新的前沿视角深入研究了可转债融资契约设计。

This paper analyzes the source and development of priority system, collates and stipulates its meanings and characteristics, and discusses the three forms of priority system in various contracts in the salt industry (priority of partners, priority of cognation and priority of neighbors). This paper explores the setting causes of priority system of contracts in the salt industry and its historical functions and puts forward the necessity of setting up the priority in the present law of China.

本文从优先权的渊源与发展视角分析出发，厘定了优先权的含义与特征，进而探讨了贯穿于各种盐业契约之中的优先权的三种形态，即伙内优先权、亲族优先权和乡邻优先权，探析了盐业契约优先权制度设置之成因及其历史作用，提出了我国现行法律中设立优先权的必要性。

Modern contact economics begin from a complete set of concept, category and the method of analysis.

一 现代契约理论的主要观点现代契约经济学的研究是从一整套概念、范畴和分析方法开始的。

The Covenantor confirms that it has been supplied with and has read a copy of the Agreement and covenants with each of the persons named in the Schedule to this Deed to observe perform and be bound by all the terms of the Agreement which are capable of applying to the Covenantor and which have not been performed at the date of this Deed to the intent and effect that the Covenantor shall be deemed with effect from the date hereof to be a party to the Agreement.

契约之授方确认，有人提供给他并且他已经读了协议的拷贝件，要跟进度表里指定的每个人立约，他会评述执行，以及在协议所有条款的限制下，他还能申请契约之授方，在这个行动的那一日并没有执行，实现了契约之授方从成为协约当事人而被认为的那个效果。

Based on some involved theories, the paper depicts the supply chain contract on concept, style, research status and so on, and gives a general model of supply chain contract that could cooperate supply chain by newsvendor model.

在有关理论的基础上，从供应链契约的概念、类型以及研究现状等方面对其进行了详细刻画，并借助于报童模型给出了供应链契约的基本模型。

Staff study is not from the aspect of self-concern in traditional economic, the integration of economic contract and psy-chological contract does good to the improvement of staff's positivity and organization's efficiency.

它改变了传统经济学从"自私自利"的角度研究雇员，把经济契约和心理契约有机结合，有利于提高雇员的积极性，促进组织的高效率。

This paper bring out three supply chain contractxontinuous quantity discount contract,buyback contract and incentive or condemnatory contract.

连续折扣点数量折扣契约是在数量折扣的基础上，通过分析单纯的折扣契约是不能完全消除双边际效应，通过分析数量模型能够从供应商和零售商两个角度来激励，达到一种均衡状态，使供应链能达到完美协调。

Therefore, from 1962 when Levinson first formally put forward the concept of Psychological Contract, the debate of the research subjects and contents of Psychological Contract has been continuingly heated, which encouraged two obvious developing phrases, the first one dating from the 60's to the 80's of the 20th century, and the studies of this period resting on the basic recognition of Psychological Contract.

由于对心理契约概念认识的不统一，心理契约的内容也是纷繁复杂，不同的研究者提出的心理契约的具体内容也有所差别，本文从心理契约存在的类型、组织和员工的责任以及责任期待等三个角度介绍了心理契约的内容以及内容研究的变化趋势。

The main contents are: the methods of concluding administrative contract; the principle that concluding administrative contract shall obey, such as principle of participation, principle of legality, principle of equality and freedom, principle of efficiency, principle of good faith and principle of equivalent procedure burden; basic systems of administrative contract's conclusion, such as system of hearings, system of sequence, system of notification, system of publicity, system of functional separation, system of recusation, and system of prescription; procedural rights and obligations of both parties.

主要内容包括：第一，行政契约的缔结所应遵循的原则，主要从一般和特殊两个角度探讨了以下几个主要原则：参与原则，合法原则，平等自由原则，效率原则，诚实信用原则，适于行政需要原则和程序负担均衡原则；第二，怎样缔结行政契约，其方式如何；第三，行政契约缔结的步骤；第四，行政契约缔结的基本制度，主要包括：顺序制度，告知制度，信息公开制度，职能分离制度，回避制度和时效制度；第五，缔约双方的程序性权利义务各有哪些。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。