人类生物学

Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, United Kindom

人类进化研究中心创建于2000年，主要致力于人类进化学的教学与研究，其研究领域包括分子遗传学，形态学和行为学的进化，考古挖掘、测量和分析，人类遗传和发展多样性，人类学和考古学，生物学的整合作用。

Areas of its research include Applied Exercise Science, Cell Physiology, Comparative Physiology of Exercise, Developmental Neurobiology, Ecophysiology, Environmental and Comparative Endocrinology, Exercise Biochemistry, Human Cardiovascular, Integrative Vascular Biology, Locomotion, Motor Behavior, Neural Control of Movement, Neuroimmunophysiology, Reproductive Endocrinology, Sleep and Chronobiology.

其研究领域包括应用锻炼科学、细胞生理学、比较锻炼生理学、发育神经生物学、生态生理学、环境和比较内分泌学、锻炼生物化学、人类心血管学、综合血管生物学、运动、运动行为、运动的神经控制、神经免疫生理学、生殖内分泌学、睡眠以及时间生物学等。

The Center is housed in the Department of Integrative Physiology. Areas of its research include applied exercise science, cell physiology, comparative physiology of exercise, developmental neurobiology, ecophysiology, environmental and comparative endocrinology, exercise biochemistry, human cardiovascular, integrative vascular biology, locomotion, neural control of movement, neuroimmunophysiology, reproductive endocrinology, sleep and chronobiology.

该中心位于综合生理学系内，其研究领域包括应用锻炼科学，细胞生理学，锻炼比较生理学，发育神经生物学，生态生理学，环境和比较内分泌学，锻炼生物化学，人类心血管学，综合血管生物学，运动，运动神经控制，神经免疫生理学，生殖内分泌学，睡眠以及时间生物学等。

The Geobiology and Astrobiology group researches on Geobiology studies of the interactions that occur between the biosphere and the geosphere, and Astrobiology studies of the big bang, progressing to the destiny of man, the limits of life and habitability on our planet, organisms in certain condition, and the detection of extraterrestrial life.

该研究组主要研究地理生物学，包括生物圈和岩石层之间的相互作用，和太空生物学研究，包括宇宙大爆炸，人类的命运，地球上生命和居住环境的限制因素，一定环境下的有机体，以及宇宙生命的探索。

The Department of Zoology and Physiology is primarily dedicated to teaching and research zoology and physiology including basic studies of ecosystem function, biogeochemistry, population biology, evolution, organismal biology and cell physiology to applied studies related to human disease, wildlife conservation and environmental toxicology.

动物学和生理学系主要致力于动物学与生理学科的教学与研究，学科范围包括生态系统功能、生物地球化学、种群生物学、进化、有机体生物学和细胞生理学的基本研究，到对人类疾病、野生植物保护和环境毒理学的应用研究。

The branch includes Annual Reviews of Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, Ecology and Systematics, Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Entomology, Genomics and Human Genetics, Immunology, Medicine, Microbiology, Neuroscience, Nutrition, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Physiology, Phytopathology, Plant Biology and Public Health.

这部分主要包括生物化学、生物医学工程、生物物理学和生物学分子结构、生态学和系统学、遗传学、细胞和发育生物学、昆虫学、基因组学和人类遗传学、免疫学、内科学、微生物学、神经系统学、营养学、药学和毒理学、生理学、植物病理学、植物生物学和公共卫生学的年评。

The first chapter discusses the fundamental,the program and the core question of the sociobiology,and the contribution of Wilson to sociobiology.The second chapter discusses Wilson\'s early human sociobiology.The third chapter discusses Wilson\'s later gene-culture coevolutionary theory.The fourth chapter gives the author\'s own review,vindication and justification on Wilson\'s sociobiological thought.

第一章，探讨动物社会生物学的基本原则、纲领和核心问题，以及威尔逊对创立社会生物学所作的努力和贡献；第二章，探讨威尔逊前期的人类社会生物学思想；第三章，探讨威尔逊后期的基因—文化协同进化思想；第四章，对威尔逊的思想作出自己的评论、辩护和批判。

The theory on human nature in modern times can be categorized into three kinds , and one of them is to explain human nature starting from biology and whereby appeared Humanity of Lorentz "intrinsic attack theory", Skinner "acts of conditions and so on; another one aims to explain human nature from the spirit and psychology , and whereupon Humanity of Freud's " psychoanalysis theory", Sartre's "humanity on antitheism" appears; the last one aims to explain human nature from both society and culture, and whereupon bring about Lucy.Benedict's "cultural determinism" Erich Fromm's "social determinism, and so on.

综观现代人性理论，可以分为三类，一类是从生物学出发来解释人类的本性，由此出现了比如洛伦兹的&内在攻击论&的人性论、斯金纳&行为条件论&的人性论，等等；另一类是从精神和心理学出发来解释人类的本性，由此出现了比如弗洛伊德的&精神分析论&的人性论、萨特的&无神存在论&的人性论，等等；再一类是从社会和文化出发来解释人类的本性，由此出现了比如露丝·本尼迪克特的&文化决定论&的人性论、埃利希·弗洛姆的&社会决定论&的人性论，等等。

As the research of genome being lucubrated deeper and deeper, biology has come from molecular biology to system biology.

随着人类对基因组的研究的不断深入，生物学由分子生物学进入到了系统生物学阶段。

There remained the generic conditions imposed by natural, as distinct from human law, as integral parts of the human whole: the necessity of destruction to procure alimentary sustenance: the painful character of the ultimate functions of separate existence, the agonies of birth and death: the monotonous menstruation of simian and human females extending from the age of puberty to the menopause: inevitable accidents at sea, in mines and factories: certain very painful maladies and their resultant surgical operations, innate lunacy and congenital criminality, decimating epidemics: catastrophic cataclysms which make terror the basis of human mentality: seismic upheavals the epicentres of which are located in densely populated regions: the fact of vital growth, through convulsions of metamorphosis, from infancy through maturity to decay.

324截然不同于人为的法则，这里依然存在着按照自然的法则作为对维持整个人类的生存不可分割的部分加诸于人的生物学之基本条件。为了获得有营养的食品，就不得不进行破坏性的杀戮。孤立的个人生存中终极机能那充满了苦恼的性质。生与死的痛苦。类人猿和人类女性那单调的月经，自初潮期一直延续到闭经期。海洋上、矿山和工厂里那些不可避免的事故；某些非常痛苦的疾病以及伴随而来的外科手术；生来的疯颠，先天性犯罪癖；导致人口大批死亡的传染病；在人类心灵深处种下恐怖种子的灾难性特大洪水；震中位于人口密集地区的大地震；历经剧烈变形，自幼年经过成熟期进入衰退期的生命成长的事实。

I will endeavour to find you some assistance.

我尽力帮你找人帮忙。

At first I only know bruck is the idol of American younglings, afterwards I returned back to Taiwan ,even in Beijing last year ,I saw her poster everywhere, I was so surprised at her charm.

起初我只晓得布鲁克雷德丝是美国少男少女崇拜的偶像，后来回台湾，甚至去年在北京，居然也四处看见她的海报，才惊讶她的魅力之大。