人权

As to this has formed different understanding between developed country and developing country, the developed country thinks human rights has already substituted " foundation stone " that the traditional sovereign equality has become the international relations, emphasize the sovereignty is to threaten human rights , if wanting to protect human rights , must limit state sovereignty , is it advocate " human rights higher than sovereignty "," human rights borderless ", for maintain human rights can go on " humanistic intervention " to other country to do one's utmost.

对此在发达国家和发展中国家之间形成了不同的认识，发达国家认为人权已经替代了传统的主权平等成为国际关系的"基石"，强调主权就是威胁人权，要保护人权就必须限制国家主权，极力宣扬"人权高于主权"、"人权无国界"，为了维护人权可以对他国进行"人道主义干预"。

Over the past six decades, the International Court of Justice has made considerable contributions to international human rights law.

在过去的60年里，国际法院对国际人权法作出了重大的贡献。在国际人权法与国际人道法的关系方面，它认定国际人道法构成国际人权法的特别法，国际人权法在武装冲突期间并不停止适用。

The doctrine and practice of the Council of Europe in the promotion and protection of has had profound influence on the international protection of human rights as follows: Regional approach is the effective way to enforce the UD ;The international institutions of human rights must upgrade the justiciability of human rights through their reformations; States ought to exercise their sovereignty actively in protecting human rights in regional mechanism . The consciousness of the subject of individual right is naturally required to be strengthened in the protection of human rights; The international institutions of human rights ought to improve their working efficiency.

内容提要欧洲理事会采取集体办法促进和保护人权的理论和实践对建立和完善国际人权保护制度产生了深远的影响：区域性人权保护办法是在区域层面上施行《世界人权宣言》的有效途径；国际人权机构应通过改革不断提高人权的可司法性；主权国家应在采取集体办法保护区域人权方面积极行使主权权利；人权国际保护内在地要求增强个人的权利主体意识；国际人权保护机构应不断提高其工作效率。

At present narrow nationalism and totalitarianism are hampering the right understanding of human rights. At the same time too dependent on national public power is becoming one basic feature in understanding human rights among the third world. It results from a misbelief that the state has the sole power to provide human rights protection. These misunderstandings will do great harm to human rights theoretically and in practice. So to reaffirm the leading spirits of human rights is quite necessary.

时下，狭隘的民族主义与极权主义正日益侵蚀着多数第三世界国家对人权作出正确理解的能力，与此同时，对公共权力的过分依赖也逐渐成为这些国家人权观念的一部分，它源于那种将整个国家置于单一目标之下的危险意识形态，其结果是人权与民族国家间的固有矛盾被悄然消解，这种状况给人权理论与实践带来的危险是显而易见的。

The dissertation exposes the essence of hegemonism and powerpolitics, analyses the nature of perniciousness in the healthy development of international human rights affairs, and admonishes people to safequard state sovereignty and world peace, by means of the analysis of main view points, source and evil consequence of the theory of post modernist "human rights centre" in the West.

后现代主义的"人权中心"论是第二次世界大战后特别是 2 0世纪 70、80年代以美国为首的西方资本主义国家奉行的人权理论。它集中反映了西方垄断资产阶级人权理论的霸权主义和强权政治本质，是当代国际人权事业健康发展的最大毒瘤。一、后现代主义"人权中心"论的主要观点其一

Article 2 This law applies to the drafting of laws, regulations and rules relating to the protection of human rights within the borders of the People's Republic of China, the furnishing of various conditions for the realization of human rights by way of administrative measures, the realization of judicial remedies against acts violating human rights, human rights propaganda and human rights education within the whole society, the performance of Signatory States' obligations under human rights treaties that have been already concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China, the conduct of international exchange and co-operation in the field of human rights and other activities.

第二条 在中华人民共和国境内制定有关人权保障的法律、法规和规章，通过行政管理措施来为人权的实现提供各种条件，对侵害人权的行为实现司法救济，在全社会进行人权宣传和人权教育，根据中华人民共和国已经缔结和参加的国际人权公约履行公约下的缔约国应尽义务，进行人权领域的国际交流和合作等活动，适用本法。

Part One outlines the process of Reagan Administration's ""Human Rights Diplomacy""; Part Two narrates the content of this foreign policy from four aspects: the ""Human Rights Diplomacy"" towards the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, the movement of prompting international democratization, the interference with Chinese domestic politics on the human rights problems and the foreign assistance in connection with the human rights standard; Part Three analyzes its character and dialyzes the essence of this policy on the background of the Reagan Years.

第一部分勾勒了里根政府&人权外交&政策的发展轨迹；第二部分从对苏东国家的&人权外交&、促进国际民主化运动、利用人权问题对中国内政的干涉和与人权标准相结合的对外援助四个方面阐述了里根政府&人权外交&政策的内容；第三部分分析了里根政府&人权外交&政策的特点并从里根时代透析美国&人权外交&政策的实质。

Yet the enumeration of these rights shall not be construed to deny or disparaged others retained by the people.

我国不仅要完善宪法基本人权之规定———从应有人权到法定人权，还要建立基本人权的宪法保障制度———从法定人权到现实人权。

Human rights subject is limited in classical theories and evolving of the notion of hu—man rights subject ramifies the establishment of theory of universal subject,Legal person,as the fictional branch law subject which obtains the indemnification of human rights under constitution,expands the characteristic of human rights subject from life to personality,and theinternationalization of human rights makes collective versus individual the human rights subject under international law.

在古典人权理论中人权主体是有限的。现代人权理论中，人权的普遍性首先指主体的普遍性。法人所以成为人权主体，一则因之其权利为宪法意义上的权利；二则因之其保障方式为宪法诉讼方式。人权的国际化使集体成为特别的人权主体。

We have the honour to make this statement on human rights, sexual orientation and gender identity on behalf of 1 - We reaffirm the principle of universality of human rights, as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights whose 60th anniversary is celebrated this year, Article 1 of which proclaims that "all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights"; 2 - We reaffirm that everyone is entitled to the enjoyment of human rights without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, as set out in Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 2 of the International Covenants on Civil and Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, as well as in article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; 3 - We reaffirm the principle of non-discrimination which requires that human rights apply equally to every human being regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity; 4 - We are deeply concerned by violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms based on sexual orientation or gender identity; 5 - We are also disturbed that violence, harassment, discrimination, exclusion, stigmatisation and prejudice are directed against persons in all countries in the world because of sexual orientation or gender identity, and that these practices undermine the integrity and dignity of those subjected to these abuses; 6 - We condemn the human rights violations based on sexual orientation or gender identity wherever they occur, in particular the use of the death penalty on this ground, extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, the practice of torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, arbitrary arrest or detention and deprivation of economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to health; 7 - We recall the statement in 2006 before the Human Rights Council by fifty four countries requesting the President of the Council to provide an opportunity, at an appropriate future session of the Council, for discussing these violations; 8 - We commend the attention paid to these issues by special procedures of the Human Rights Council and treaty bodies and encourage them to continue to integrate consideration of human rights violations based on sexual orientation or gender identity within their relevant mandates; 9 - We welcome the adoption of Resolution AG/RES.

附录：关于性倾向和性别认同联合声明中英文联合声明中文我们很荣幸地代表做出这一关于人权、性倾向和性别认同的声明 1 -如同宣布&所有人类生而自由，平等享有尊严和权利&的《世界人权宣言》——今年是该宣言发表60周年——第1条中所昭示的那样，我们重申人权的普遍性原则； 2 -如同《世界人权宣言》第2条和《公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》第2条及《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第26条中所陈述的那样，我们重申所有人都有权享有人权，不受任何种类——如种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治观点或其他观点、国家或社会出身、财产、血统或其他身份——的区别对待； 3 -我们重申要求将所有人权平等应用于所有人类，无论其性倾向或性别认同如何的非歧视原则； 4 -我们深切关注基于性倾向和性别认同的侵犯人权和基本自由的现象； 5 -我们还对世界各国由于性倾向或性别认同而针对人们的暴力、骚扰、歧视、排斥、污名化和偏见，以及这些做法破坏了遭受这些虐待者的完整性和尊严感到不安； 6 -我们谴责基于性倾向和性别认同的侵犯人权行为，无论这些行为发生在哪里，尤其是以此为由使用死刑，法外处决、即审即决或任意处决，酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的做法，任意逮捕或拘留，以及剥夺经济、社会和文化权利，包括健康权； 7 -我们回想起2006年，五十四个国家在人权理事会面前发言，请求理事会主席提供一个未来在适当的理事会会议上讨论这些侵犯人权行为的机会； 8 -我们赞赏人权理事会特别程序和条约机构对这些问题给予的关注，并且鼓励他们继续将对基于性倾向和性别认同的侵犯人权事件的考虑纳入其有关权限中； 9 -我们欢迎美洲国家组织大会在其2008年6月3日的第38次会议上通过了关于&人权、性倾向与性别认同&的AG/RES。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。