人文学方面

In all these aspects Humboldt is a Platonist, following the strong influence of Neoplatonism in the English and continental development of art, literature and, to some extent, also philosophy in the eighteenth century

从这些方面看，洪堡是一个彻底的柏拉图学派的人，他受到18世纪新柏拉图派哲学关于英国和欧洲大陆艺术、文学和甚至在某种程度上哲学发展的深刻影响。

An encyclopaedia is its abstract ;and ,in this respect, it may be taken for its speaking symbol---that before one generation has passed, an encyclopaedia is superannuated; for it speaks through the dead memory and unimpassioned understanding, which have not the repose of higher faculties, but are continually enlarging and varying their phylacteries.

百科全书正是此种文学的缩影，从这方面来看，似乎可以说是它活生生的象征：一个世代尚未过去，一部百科全书就陈旧过时了；因为，在它那里面所讲的不外是虽然存留在记忆中、却已失去新意的东西，以及不带任何感情色彩的推理，因此，犹如经匣中的教条，即使补充几句、略变花样，仍无法使得人的高尚精神恬然宁息。

The fourth chapter "Petersburg's reformation of forms", studies its inheritance and reformation of the 19th century Russian traditional literature forms, and explains that Bely found a unique form of his art, ways of expression and literature language in the way of the arrangement of plots, the narrator and features of language.

第四章&《彼得堡》的形式创新&，从小说的布局、叙述人、语言特色三个方面探讨这部作品在形式方面对19世纪俄国传统文学形式的继承和革新，说明别雷为自己独特的内容找到了独树一帜的艺术形式、表现手法和文学语言。

This period witnessed not only the expansion of the state beyond its old frontiers and the spread of Byzantine influence into the West and among the Slavs, but it also saw significant creativity at home, in art and architecture, literature, and learning.

这一时期不仅见证了国家扩张超出了旧有的边界，将拜占庭的影响扩展到西方和斯拉夫人地区，而且在国内的艺术和建筑、文学和学术方面的创造力也具有重要意义。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。