人文学方面

The fourth chapter "Petersburg's reformation of forms", studies its inheritance and reformation of the 19th century Russian traditional literature forms, and explains that Bely found a unique form of his art, ways of expression and literature language in the way of the arrangement of plots, the narrator and features of language.

第四章"《彼得堡》的形式创新"，从小说的布局、叙述人、语言特色三个方面探讨这部作品在形式方面对19世纪俄国传统文学形式的继承和革新，说明别雷为自己独特的内容找到了独树一帜的艺术形式、表现手法和文学语言。

The author is combination particular text and inquiry her oomph and the style of coprology from three path: first counter Zhang kangkang's style of coprology and personality have import effect and winding life story march tease and staple and generalize of humanness's stage; Secondly from novel and prose to assay her oomph of against; Lastly from eyeshot and thinking module of person and setting of person's combination and artistic conception to discuss her taste style.

本文中，笔者结合张抗抗具体的文本，从三个方面切入研究张抗抗独特的精神品质和文学风貌：首先对在张抗抗日后文学风格及个性形成产生重要影响的曲折的人生经历进行了一次综合地梳理，并对在此基础上形成的对人的认识的不同阶段进行分类、概括；第二，分别从小说和散文里，分析张抗抗抗争的精神品质；最后，从叙述视角、"人"的思维模式、人物关系的设置、意境的营造等方面，探讨张抗抗的审美特征。

In Russian literature, judging from depicting art, hardly anybody exceeds Gogol.

在俄罗斯文学中，从写物艺术方面看很少有人能比得上果戈理。

He is so idiosyncratic in his literary judgements that is impossible to think of him as a sound critic.

他文学方面的见解是如此的古怪，使人难以想像他是一位理智的批评家。

The first part states in a comprehensive way the research on Zhou Zuoren so as to define the purpose, methodology and significance of the dissertation. The second part analyzes the experience of Zhou's self-culture creation from a personal angle-Yue culture in Zhejiang gave Zhou a perceptual knowledge of folklore, while the idea of world folklore gave him a rational cognition of folk' culture. The combination forms a dual folklore. The third part observes Zhou Zuoren's examination of literarure from folklore's perspective as well as its pioneering significance. The fourth part explores in a further way Zhou's perspective of folk culture, and analyzes the method he has established to conduct literary criticism from the angle of folklore as well as his research on Chinese Culture. The fifth part analyzes the impacts folklore theory and folk culture have on the formation of Zhou' literary ideas, focusing more his folklore interpretation and humanism perspective about the origin and hist ory of literature, also his literary aesthetic standards about "ordinary humanism" and "loving amusement" from the position of folklore. The sixth part expounds Zhou's achievement in combining literature and folklore and explores the consistency of their focus on human, thereby presenting a complete picture of Zhou's literature. The last part generalizes the revelation drawing from the research done in this dissertation.

本文分为六章：第一章综述周作人研究的历史与现状，从而确定本文的研究目的、方法及意义；第二章从社会、时代背景、区域文化传统和个人文化选择的角度，阐释周作人选取民俗学视角观照文学的原因，侧重分析周作人自我文化建构的心路历程——浙江越文化传统的浸润给周作人以民俗学的感性认识，而世界民俗学的理念赋予他注重民间文化的理性精神；第三章考察周作人的民俗学研究及先锋意义；第四章进一步探讨周作人的民俗文化观，分析他确立的从民俗文化角度进行文学批评的方法，兼及他从民俗学视角进行的中国文化研究；第五章分析民俗学理论及民俗文化观在周作人文学思想生成中的影响，着重论述周作人关于文学起源和文学发展史的民俗学阐释、文学的民俗人性观，以及从民间立场出发所具有的"平凡的人道"、"有情的滑稽"等文学审美原则；第六章从创作实践方面，探讨周作人文学作品的民俗文化意蕴，进一步论述周作人将文学与民俗结合在一起的实绩，并揭示二者以"人"为核心的内在精神的一致性，从而呈现出周作人较为完整的文学风貌；最后是余论，指出这一研究的启示。

Firstly, by means of the man'-free-and-overall-development theory of the Maxthium , the author analyzes the Personal Literary Creation and confirms its value and significance as follow:the first,the emergence of the Personal Literary Creation means the vanishment of the laberal alienation ,ie,the personal authors' writings are not only the make-a-living means but the spontaneous displays of the human wills;the second, the Personal Literary Creation confirms "everyone' free development is the condition of all the people's progress",the human-liberating ideals of Marxism,and realises the all-round respects and concerns of the literature to human' diversity and peculiarity. Secondly, standing at the point of the contemprory Chinese history, it is right the individually depressed history in China that makes the Personal Literary Creation as the historical nacessarity. The emergence of the Personal Liberory Creation makes up to the limitation of the traditional public and representitive writing, and makes a great progress to diversifying the multi-cultural pattern in 90's of the last century, expanding the literatural domain, and displaying the complicated human natures.

本文首先运用马克思关于人全面自由发展的理论对私人化写作进行分析和观照，肯定其存在的价值和意义：一是私人化写作的到来意味着劳动异化的消除，作家的创作活动成为生命意志的自由表现，由手段上升为目的本身二是吻合了马克思人类解放的理想"每个人的自由发展是一切人自由发展的条件"实现了文学对人的丰富性、多样性、独特性的全面关怀与尊重；其次立足于当代中国的历史语境，它的出现弥补了一直以来公共化、代言式写作独占文坛的局限，在丰富九十年代的多元文化格局，拓展文学探索和表现丰富复杂的人性深度方面是一个很大的进步。

By Hadrian he was given in adoption to Aurelius,13 when Hadrian, making abundant provision for the succession, wished to make Pius his son and Marcus his grandson; and he was given on the condition that he should espouse the daughter of Pius.14 She was later given to Marcus, however, as we have related in his life,15 because Verus seemed too much her junior in years, while Verus took to wife Marcus' daughter Lucilla.16 He was reared in the House of Tiberius,17 and received instruction from the Latin grammarian Scaurinus (the son of the Scaurus18 who had been Hadrian's teacher in grammar), the Greeks Telephus, Hephaestio, Harpocratio, the rhetoricians Apollonius, Caninius Celer,19 Herodes Atticus, and the Latin Cornelius Fronto, his teachers in philosophy being Apollonius20 and Sextus.21 For all of these he cherished a deep affection, and in return he was beloved by them, and this despite his lack of natural gifts in literary studies.

他被哈德良交给奥利留斯收养（13），当时哈德良正忙于为王位的继承作准备，打算让皮乌斯成为他的儿子，而马尔库斯成为他的孙子；他本来预备要娶皮乌斯的女儿（14）。但她后来嫁给了马尔库斯，如我们在他的传记里说的（15），因为维鲁斯的年龄太小了，后来他娶了马尔库斯的女儿露西娜（16）。他在台伯河上的家里长大（17），由拉丁文法家萨卡林努斯（哈德良的文法教师萨卡路斯（18）的儿子），希腊人特里福斯，赫菲斯提奥，哈波卡提奥，修辞学者阿波罗纽斯，卡林留斯。克涅尔（19），赫路德斯。阿提库斯，和拉丁人克列留斯。弗隆托教导。他的哲学教师是阿波罗纽斯（20）和塞图斯（21）。他对他们都怀着深深的珍爱，反过来，他也被他们所爱，尽管他在文学方面没什么天赋。

Baldwin's personal and literary patricides brought about internecine both to Wright and himself, while as an indispensable tache in the African- American literature progress, its positive significance must never be overlooked, but it is Ralph Ellison's Invisbile Man which brought about a new direction to the development of African American literature.

鲍德温在描写黑人人性、展示黑人文化、提升黑人文学的艺术水平、探索种族歧视与冲突问题等方面，都提出了超越赖特的抗议文学主张，但他本人的思想观念和创作实践又还存在诸多自相矛盾之处，新型黑人文学直到拉尔夫·埃利森的《无形人》问世才得以正式确立。

The Reading Test is based on four types of reading selections: the social studies, the natural sciences, prose fiction, and the humanities.

阅读测试是基于四个方面的内容类型：社会学，自然科学，散文小说和人文学。

But in the second half of the 14th century ,English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer ,William Langland ,John Gower ,and others.

在文学创作方面几乎是一个贫瘠时期，但是在十四世纪后半期，英国文学开始伴随着一些作家像是 Geoffrey Chaucer， William Langland，John Gower 等人的出现而开始繁荣。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。