产生金属的

But the bump resistance is quite small compared with the resistance of the metallization traces. Therefore, daisy-chain structure cannot detect the slight changes in microstructure in the solder joint.

在铝、铜等金属接点中，孔洞的成核与成长皆可利用电阻的变化来坐标定与观测，可是对焊锡接点而言，焊锡接点的电阻远较一般的金属导线与接点小，所以以往研究电迁移效应时所用的雏菊花环结构无法感测到焊锡电阻随微结构产生的微小变化。

At present, although finite element methods is a kind of effective measures in analyzing metal plastically forming problems with friction, dynamic friction in the process of metal forming is substituted with static friction and constant frictional force as one of independent constraint conditions is transposed to equivalent node-load or FEM unit is divided into contact unit and inner unit in numerous studys and applications, so that it result in relative bad accuracy and awkward operation. These defects mostly attribute to the fact that FEM bases on the variational equality principles, however frictional constraint will actually result in variational inequality energy functional.

目前，应用于分析金属塑性成形的有限元法是一种有效的处理摩擦效应的定量计算方法，但是许多应用和研究是用常摩擦来代替金属塑性成形过程中的动态摩擦；把常摩擦力作为单独的约束条件移置到等效结点载荷上或把有限元单元划分成接触单元和内单元，这些将导致解的精度相对不高及实际操作不方便等一系列问题，产生这些不足的重要原因之一在于它的理论基础是变分等式原理。

One of these testing methods, eddy current, has been widely used for metal thickness measuring because of its good sensitivity, high test speed , non-contact and other advantage. The principle of eddy current testing is that, when the test coil is close to the metal conductor with alternating current, the eddy current would be inducing in the conductor, and correspongdingly, the eddy current would affect the original magnetic field, the result is the coils impedance and inducing voltage changed.

其中涡流无损检测技术具有灵敏度高、检测速度快、非接触等特点而广泛应用于金属厚度检测，它的原理是当载有交变电流的检测线圈靠近金属导体时在导体中产生涡流，该涡流又影响原磁场，使得线圈的阻抗和感应电压发生变化，通过分析阻抗或感应电压的变化来获得被测导体的信息。

Influence of X-rays in Vacuum Interrupter on Human Health

它是利用X射线穿透金属晶格时发生衍射的原理，测量金属材料或构件的表面层由于晶格间距变化所产生的应变，从而算出应力的一种实验方法。

In the biological treatment, anaerobic biological treatment is used to reduce selenate ions and/or selenite ions presented in the raw wastewater to transfer to single insoluble selenium.

在生物法中，采用厌氧生物处理来降低原始废液中可溶的硒酸盐与亚硒酸盐，并转化为不溶性的单质硒，从而以不溶性单质硒的形式去除硒酸盐或亚硒酸盐；在絮凝沉淀法中，通常是向生物处理后的废水中加入一种金属盐，使该金属盐与可溶性硒反应并生成一种不溶性硒化合物，从而以不溶性硒化合物形式去除残留的可溶性硒；在过滤法中，将絮凝沉淀法中残留在废水中的不溶性硒去除，这样就能在不用大量化学药剂和不产生大量沉淀的情况下去除含硒废水中的可溶性硒。

The shear strength of this film is lower than that of the metal and functions as a lubricant.

在这个保护膜上面所产生的剪切应力要小于直接由金属表面产生的剪切应力。

Outstanding performance: when your car fitted with a balanced strengthening of bar buttons, shell shock machines and cars formed between the steel beam structure, a more rugged, less car shell of metal and resonance damping components, thereby reducing the resonance generated by the noise, to avoid the car before the shock absorber parts of the shell due to the weight of the engine so that metal fatigue or impact, etc., causing distortion and eliminate tire wear caused by vehicle deviation of the hidden dangers, so that the body is more stable equilibrium.

表现出色：当你的爱车装上平衡加强杆扣，减震机与车壳之间形成钢梁结构，更加坚固无比，减少车壳金属与减震部件的共振，从而降低因共振所产生的噪音，避免车壳前减震部位因引擎重量使金属疲劳或撞击等造成变形，消除车辆跑偏磨胎所带来的隐患，令车身更加稳定平衡。

In GIS, the switching of a disconnector will produce very fast transient overvoltage, which could damage the insulation of GIS and other connected equipments and produce electromagnetic interference into low voltage control systems.

气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备中隔离开关的操作会产生特快速暂态过电压，可能导致GIS本体及其相连的设备绝缘损坏，并可能产生电磁干扰，影响二次设备。

The structure composition adopted in the method are all established through experiments,including oxidant of ozone generated by ozone generator with electrolytic type, samplingmode by Flow Injection, Detecting System by Chemiluminescence. Based on the structurecomposition, the paper analyzed ozone generator with electrolytic type, includingthe method of generating steady concentration and raise oxidative degree.

在结构基础上分析了电解式臭氧发生器产生稳定浓度和提高氧化能力的方法，通过加入臭氧溶液平衡室，在动态平衡条件下，使臭氧溶液在UV灯条件下，产生稳定组成氧化剂—O_3和羟基自由基；分析了采样系统—流动注射的流动条件以及试剂浓度，包括羟基自由基消除试剂碳酸氢钠溶液、臭氧氧化发光试剂鲁米诺溶液、金属离子化学发光干扰屏蔽试剂钴离子溶液等；分析了化学发光检测与数据处理系统信号采集以及误差消除方法。

An arc is struck between the two, and the heat, which is generated, melts the metal at the weld.

电弧在这两个电极之间产生，所产生的热量使焊缝处的金属熔化。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。