交配

After thirty-five generations, the two groups and their offspring were isolated reproductively because of their strong habitat preferences: they mated only within the areas they preferred, and so did not mate with flies that preferred the other areas.

经过35代，这两个果蝇群出现生殖隔离，因为它们有强烈的生境偏好：它们只在它们喜欢的区域交配，因此不与喜欢其它区域的果蝇交配。

Male adult rats were randomly divided into five groups,which were treated via gastric gavage of distilled water(1 mL·kg-1),solution of GTW(10 mg·kg-1) and three doses of water decoction of root of C.cuneata (1.8,5.4,18 g·kg-1)+ GTW(10 mg·kg-1),respectively.8 weeks later,GTW was stopped and the decoction and water continued for another 4 weeks.And then,all the male rats were copulated with adult female rats.

将成年雄性大鼠随机分组，分别给予雷公藤多苷片溶液(10 mg.kg-1)，野山楂根水煎剂(1.8，5.4，18 g.kg-1)+雷公藤多苷片溶液(10 mg.kg-1)和蒸馏水(1 mL.kg-1)灌胃，8周后停用雷公藤多苷，中药组继续行野山楂根灌胃。4周后各组动物与成年雌性大鼠交配，观察交配雌鼠妊娠率和平均胚胎、黄体数。

During the copulating course, male stayed on the dorsal shield of female for 3-34 seconds (13.7±2.8) and then moved to the ventral side of female.

结果表明， a。未交配过的菅原毛绥螨，在寻找异性交配的过程中，雄螨表现不太活跃和主动。

ABSTRACT It is because that the excellent acceptors for maize transgenic engineering are insufficient in our country, especially in the southwest mountain areas of china and hereditary variation regularity for the two characters such as efficiency of embryonic callus induction and number of regenerating plant (these two characters were abbreviated to the nduction efficiency and number of regenerating in the following of the paper, respectively), which hint the maize culturing capacity, is not very clear. Therefore, aiming at picking out superior acceptors, we had made systematic researches on the two characters with combing traditional quantitative-character genetic analyzing methods such as single-factor genetic mating design, diallel crossing genetic design, genetic effect analyzing method and the modern molecular locating method such as QTLs'. The main results are followed.(1) 50 superior inbred lines and about 30 crosses in our country, especially in the southwest of China were used for identifying and selecting the superior genotypes in the above two investigated characters under the same culturing condition in 2000 and 2001. There was very significant difference among the genotypes in the both characters. But the two characters were not certainly related. Some genotypes such as 18-599 and 18-599 were very good in them. For some ones such as zong 31, induction was higher than 18-599 and 18-599 in the efficiency, but it was only 1/3 to the later in regenerating number. In some genotypes such as S37, R08, R15, P138, A318, induction efficiency was just about 3% and scarcely any regenerating plants were got. On the whole, hybrids acted better than inbreeds in the both characters.(2) Two kind of inbreeds were selected as parents of the Griffing's method 1. 18-599 and 18-599 and the inbred line zong 31 are one kind because they are not only superior in the characters of maize cross breeding, such as CA, resistance to disease and the important agricultural characters, but also excellent in transformation characters as the induction and regeneration.

针对我国、特别是西南山地所需玉米转基因工程育种优良受体极为匮乏和反应玉米幼胚培养能力的2个主要性状，即玉米幼胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数的遗传变异规律十分不清楚的实际情况，本研究从筛选玉米转基因工程所需要的优良受体入手，采用单因素遗传交配设计、双列杂交遗传交配设计、世代基因效应等传统数量性状分析方法，以及现代分子标记定位主效QTL分析方法，对玉米幼胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个性状进行了较为系统的分析研究，取得以下主要研究结果：(1)于2000年和2001年通过对我国、特别是西南地区近50份优良自交系和近30个杂交组合，在相同培养条件下，对幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个幼胚培养能力性状进行了筛选与鉴定，发现玉米不同基因型具有完全不同的幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数，但幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率与胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数并不具有必然的相关关系，有的基因型，如自交系18-599和18-599在胚性愈伤组织诱导率和愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个性状都表现相当优异；有的基因型，如自交系综31，仅幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率性状表现高于19-599和18-599，但在胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数这一性状则与它们有相当大的差距，仅为19-599和18-599的1/3左右；有的基因型，如S37、R08、R15、P138、A318等玉米自交系不仅幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率很低，平均仅在3％左右，而且胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数表现也很差，基本上没有分化成苗。

While dark-eyed juncos are monogamous during the main breeding season, they are known to entertain an off-season affair now and then.

虽然黑眼灯芯草雀在交配季节是一夫一妻的，但在非交配季节，时而会发生婚外情。

Three hundred and twenty-five isolates of Magnaporthe grisea collected from rice plants in Wujiang, Yixing, Tongzhou, Gaoyou and Ganyu of Jiangsu province from 1997~1999 were tested for mating type and fertility with standard tester strains. Seventy-four tested isolates produced perithecia after mated with tester strains, in which, 48 were MAT1-1 and 26 were MAT1-2 mating type.

用标准菌株对1997~1999年在江苏省吴江市、宜兴市、通州市、高邮市和赣榆县采集的325个稻瘟病菌单孢分离菌株的可育性和交配型进行了测定，结果表明江苏省稻瘟病菌菌株的育性较低，可交配率为22.77%，可育率仅为7.08%。

In the mating test, mycelial protoplast pairs between single spore isolates of different strains formed colonies with clamp connection, while mycelial protoplast pairs between the same single spore isolates formed colonies without clamp connection, suggesting that the two nuclei of the spores possessed identical mating type factors.

在交配试验中，源于不同菌株单孢分离物的菌丝原生质体的配对形成具锁状联合的菌落，而源于同一单孢分离物的菌丝原生质体的配对则形成无锁状联合的菌落，暗示担孢子中的两个核具有相同的交配型。

In contrast,ZHJ2 males interfered more successfully with courtships initiated by males of the same biotype than those initiated by B males.B males could guard females post copulation,and more effectively inhibited courtships from a ZHJ2 male than from a B male during guarding.

这些求偶互作行为使得ZHJ2型雄虫的存在提高了B型雌雄之间的交配次数，相反，B型雄虫的存在使得ZHJ2型雌雄之间的交配次数减少。

I assessed if mating common eastern froglets Crinia signifera exhibited size-related patterns. I compared the snout-urostyle lengths and body condition of amplexing males with that of non-amplexing males to determine if successful males were larger or in better condition. I assessed if there was a linear relationship between the body length of the female and the successful male and the relative condition of the male (measured by body mass versus length).

通过比较抱对和非抱对普通东方小蛙的吻-尾干骨长和检测个体较大或状态较好的雄体是否为成功繁殖个体，检测雌蛙体长与交配成功的雄蛙的体长和相对状态之间是否存在线形关系，评估交配与个体大小之间的关系。

I assessed if mating common eastern froglets Crinia signifera exhibited size-related patterns. I compared the snout-urostyle lengths and body condition of amplexing males with that of non-amplexing males to determine if successful males were larger or in better condition. I assessed if there was a linear relationship between the body length of the female and the successful male and the relative condition of the male (measured by body mass versus length).

通过比较抱对和非抱对普通东方小蛙的吻尾干骨长和检测个体较大或状态较好的雄体是否为成功繁殖个体，检测雌蛙体长与交配成功的雄蛙的体长和相对状态之间是否存在线形关系，评估交配与个体大小之间的关系。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。