交配

We briefly reviewed the mating system of insects with emphasizing a historical research on the sexual selection conducted by Bateman.

简要回顾昆虫交配系统的研究历史，并简述 Bateman的性选择原理，讨论雌雄昆虫在交配过程中的角色和性选择压力的相对关系。

The gene targeted mice are commonly produced by breeding the heterozygous targeted mice following microinjecting the homologous recombinant ES cells into the blastocoele cavity of 3.5dpc embryos at the blastocyst stage to give birth to chimeric mice.

传统基因敲除获得某一突变基因的纯合体动物首先要利用打靶胚胎干细胞获得嵌合体动物；随后用嵌合体动物与野生型个体交配得到突变基因的杂合体动物；最后才能通过杂合体动物之间的交配来生产纯合体动物。

Limited by the population and generations, the local search ability is not good. A new niche—Braham model is brought forward. In the Braham niche, the random mating mode between chromosomes is replaced by the mating mode based on the fitness of the chromosomes.

本文提出了一种新的小生境算子—婆罗门，将简单遗传算法中的随机交配改为根据染色体的适应度进行交配，提高了遗传算法局部搜索能力，有效地防止了基因漂移。

Pairs will often breed soon after this temperature drop. Copulation occurs over a period of several weeks.

在这个温度下，不久后它们就会经常交配，交配将会在好几个星期里均有发生。

Shows frequent and prolonged mounting as well as prolonged copulation.

不仅交配时间长，而且进行频繁的、长时间的交配前抱对。

Possible and this correlation is, the more than half Sumatranorangutan's copulation is the coordination, but in Borneo, 90%copulation activity all is through the violence realization.

可能与此相关的就是，过半的苏门答腊猩猩的交配是配合的，而在婆罗洲，90%的交配活动都是通过暴力实现的。

Sativus. The results demonstrated that the Ogura sterile cytoplasm had positive effect on interspecific crossability between B.

结果表明，Ogura不育细胞质对甘蓝型油菜与萝卜种间可交配性有正效应，可交配性受核-质互作控制。

Behavioral phenomena quantified by genetic markers in various species include patterns of multiple mating by both sexes; frequent cuckoldry by males and rare cuckoldry by females in nest-tending species; additional routes to surrogate parentage via nest piracy and egg-thievery; egg mimicry by nest-tending males; brood parasitism by helper males in cooperative breeders; clutch mixing in oral brooders; kinship in schooling fry of broadcast spawners; sperm storage by dams in female-pregnant species; and sex-role reversal, polyandry, and strong sexual selection on females in some male-pregnant species.

通过遗传标记测量不同种的行为现象涉及两性间的多种交配现象：趋穴型种类中雄性与多个雌性私通而雌性则较少交配；通过侵略巢穴和偷窃卵的行为进行偷梁换柱；通过趋穴型雄性鱼类进行卵的模拟；通过共同繁殖型中的雄性进行寄生抚育；通过混合在口孵育型鱼类的幼体间；广播种型产卵者鱼苗的亲缘关系；怀卵孵化型鱼类的精子储存；以及性逆转，一妻多夫，雄性怀卵抚育型种类雌性的强烈性选择。

Behaioral phenomena quantified by genetic markers in arious species include patterns of multiple mating by both sexes; frequent cuckoldry by males and rare cuckoldry by females in nest-tending species; additional routes to surrogate parentage ia nest piracy and egg-thieery; egg mimicry by nest-tending males; brood parasitism by helper males in cooperatie breeders; clutch mixing in oral brooders; kinship in schooling fry of broadcast spawners; sperm storage by dams in female-pregnant species; and sex-role reersal, polyandry, and strong sexual selection on females in some male-pregnant species.

通过遗传标记测量不同种的行为现象涉及两性间的多种交配现象：趋穴型种类中雄性与多个雌性私通而雌性则较少交配；通过侵略巢穴和偷窃卵的行为进行偷梁换柱；通过趋穴型雄性鱼类进行卵的模拟；通过共同繁殖型中的雄性进行寄生抚育；通过混合在口孵育型鱼类的幼体间；广播种型产卵者鱼苗的亲缘关系；怀卵孵化型鱼类的精子储存；以及性逆转，一妻多夫，雄性怀卵抚育型种类雌性的强烈性选择。

Linebreeding , a form of inbreeding, usually involves mating more distantly related dogs.

同种异系交配，是同系交配的另一种形式，通常是指交配犬只双方有一定血缘联系但相对较远。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。