交换

The number of polynomial function over a finite commutative ring. This paper is on the basis of the research for the first question.With the structure of finite commutative ring,we know that a finite commutative ring can be expressed by direct sum of some finite commutative local rings.

本文主要基于对问题一的研究，并由有限交换环的构造可以知道，有限交换环可以由一些有限交换局部环的直和表示，于是就将问题简化到对有限交换局部环上多项式的判定。

Mainly we probed into the system structure and frame format of frame relay switching and data communication in this paper.

帧中继交换是计算机网络数据交换中的一种高新交换技术，本文主要探讨了帧中继交换技术的体系结构和帧格式，重点介绍了它的数据传输方式。

In this paper, the advances in the research on seawater exchange ability were summarized. The water exchange models and methods were analyzed and compared, and the research hot spot and tendency of water exchange in the field of embayment and artificial reefs in the future were discussed.

文章综述了国内外海水交换能力的研究进展，系统地分析和评价了国内外海水交换的研究方法，提出了海湾水交换以及人工鱼礁区水交换研究的发展趋势，为以后的相关研究提供参考。

This paper studies value and function of sport s performances f rom perspective of social exchange theories. Exchanges of sports performances with professions , with professional income and with social status.

从社会交换的角度分析运动成绩的价值和功能，运动成绩与职业的交换，与职业收入的交换，与社会身份地位的交换。

The multi-routes k-opt exchange algorithm is firstly proposed, which is the extension in multi-routes of the traditional k-opt exchange algorithm, where the points exchanged are not only the ones in a single route but also in several routes.

本文首先提出了多路径 k-opt交换方法，该方法是传统k-opt交换方法用于多路径间的扩展，其进行交换的点不再局限于单一路径内部，而是多个路径的点都可以参入交换。

The economic exchange is in the controlling position in this kind of labour exchange, and the social exchange is based on the economic exchange.

经济交换在这种劳动交换中占主导地位，社会交换是建立在经济交换的基础之上的。

They were recovered f rom the ion exchange bed by dilute HCl and , final2 ly , were replaced in the spent HCl by Al to form valuable water t reatment coagulant and recycleable metals. The effects of resin types , flow rate and flow pattern on the IX t reatment and regeneration were determined. Using 0. 2 M citric acid at p H of 3. 0 , more than 90 % of the heavy...

经柠檬酸处理后，污泥中90%以上的重金属被去除；柠檬酸处理液中的重金属用离子交换法回收，考察了树脂种类、流速、操作方式等因素对离子交换、再生效果的影响；在适宜工艺条件下，重金属的交换率均为100%，而洗脱率均接近90%；柠檬酸及离子交换树脂循环使用，重金属也得到回收，降低了处理成本。

The security of PKI system itself is especially emphasized during the system design and implementation process, which is in accordance with the pervasive characteristic of PKI. Second, the concept of a Trusted Key Management Center is introduced for the first time. This technology greatly strengthens key management practices and allows for smooth transition from PKI to Key Management Infrastructure. Third, certificate status mechanisms are investigated in depth, and a certificate revocation performance simulation system is devised. All these work will provide guides to practice and employment of PKI applications. Based on time constraints, a new taxonomy for authenticated dictionaries is proposed. Fourth, formal analysis ofOCSP protocol is carried out; then an efficient and scalable OCSP system is developed. Fifth, the special requirements caused by the working environments of Wireless PKI are analyzed. Based on communicative hashing and dynamic Merkle hash tree, an efficient certificate status validation method suitable for WPKI is presented. Sixth, one important kind of fair exchange protocols is studied, and a new CEMBS based on RSA cryptosystem is proposed. Afterwards, a novel fair exchange protocol totally based on RSA signature scheme is devised.

在系统设计和实现的过程中，考虑到PKI作为普适性安全基础平台的特点，特别强调PKI系统自身的安全性；第二，首次在PKI系统的设计中提出了"可信密钥管理中心"的概念，这一独特设计大大地强化了密钥管理功能的实施，为PKI向密钥管理基础设施的平滑过渡提供了良好的技术准备；第三，对证书状态验证机制进行了深入研究，设计了证书状态模拟系统，以指导PKI系统和应用的部署和实施；在此基础上，基于时间约束首次给出了认证字典的一种新的分类方法；第四，对OCSP协议进行了形式化分析，设计和实现了一种高效、可扩展的OCSP系统；第五，分析了WPKI工作环境对设计安全基础平台提出的特殊要求，结合无线移动设备的具体特点，基于可交换杂凑函数和动态Merkle杂凑树设计出了一种适用于WPKI环境的高效证书状态查询机制；第六，对一类公平交换协议进行了深入的研究，从设计公平交换协议的密码基础结构出发，提出了一种新型的基于RSA密码体制的高效CEMBS；在此工作的基础上，设计了一种基于RSA密码体制的最优化公平交换协议。

The security of PKI system itself is especially emphasized during the system design and implementation process, which is in accordance with the pervasive characteristic of PKI. Second, the concept of a Trusted Key Management Center is introduced for the first time. This technology greatly strengthens key management practices and allows for smooth transition from PKI to Key Management Infrastructure . Third, certificate status mechanisms are investigated in depth, and a certificate revocation performance simulation system is devised. All these work will provide guides to practice and employment of PKI applications. Based on time constraints, a new taxonomy for authenticated dictionaries is proposed. Fourth, formal analysis of OCSP protocol is carried out; then an efficient and scalable OCSP system is developed. Fifth, the special requirements caused by the working environments of Wireless PKI are analyzed. Based on communicative hashing and dynamic Merkle hash tree, an efficient certificate status validation method suitable for WPKI is presented. Sixth, one important kind of fair exchange protocols is studied, and a new CEMBS based on RSA cryptosystem is proposed. Afterwards, a novel fair exchange protocol totally based on RSA signature scheme is devised.

在系统设计和实现的过程中，考虑到PKI作为普适性安全基础平台的特点，特别强调PKI系统自身的安全性；第二，首次在PKI系统的设计中提出了"可信密钥管理中心"的概念，这一独特设计大大地强化了密钥管理功能的实施，为PKI向密钥管理基础设施的平滑过渡提供了良好的技术准备；第三，对证书状态验证机制进行了深入研究，设计了证书状态模拟系统，以指导PKI系统和应用的部署和实施；在此基础上，基于时间约束首次给出了认证字典的一种新的分类方法；第四，对OCSP协议进行了形式化分析，设计和实现了一种高效、可扩展的OCSP系统；第五，分析了WPKI工作环境对设计安全基础平台提出的特殊要求，结合无线移动设备的具体特点，基于可交换杂凑函数和动态Merkle杂凑树设计出了一种适用于WPKI环境的高效证书状态查询机制；第六，对一类公平交换协议进行了深入的研究，从设计公平交换协议的密码基础结构出发，提出了一种新型的基于RSA密码体制的高效CEMBS；在此工作的基础上，设计了一种基于RSA密码体制的最优化公平交换协议。

Local loop transmission from the central office to the customer's premises, unbundled from local switching or other services. Local transport from the trunk side of a wireline local exchange carrier switch unbundled from switching or other services. Local switching unbundled from transport, local loop transmission, or other services. Non-discriminatory access to 911, directory assistance and operator call completion services. White pages directory listings for customers of the other carrier's telephone exchange service. Nondiscriminatory access to telephone numbers for assignment to the other carrier's telephone exchange service customers. Nondiscriminatory access to databases and associated signaling necessary for call routing and completion. Telecommunications number portability. Nondiscriminatory access to services or information to allow the requesting carrier to implement local dialing parity (the ability to complete a connection without the use of additional access codes). Reciprocal compensation arrangements.

清单的内容总的可以概括为：申请与BOC进行互连的电信公司须提供与BOC相同的话音质量；平等访问网络元件；以公正合理的速度平等接入由BOC拥有或控制的电线杆、管道、导管以及通行权；中央局至用户住宅的本地环路传输，其定价与本地交换业务或其他业务定价分开进行；从本地电话公司交换机中继端开始的本地传输与交换业务或其它业务分别定价；本地交换业务与传输业务、本地环路传输业务或其他业务分开定价；平等访问911应急电话、电话指南和话务员呼叫完成业务；享用其他电话公司电话交换服务的电话黄页；平等访问分配给其他电信公司用户的电话号码；平等访问呼叫路径和呼叫完成所需的数据库以及相关信令；电信号码便于记忆；平等访问服务或信息，使电信公司实现本地等位拨号（不需拨打任何接入码即可完成电话连接的功能）；提供相互补偿。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。