亚里斯多德哲学

Early stoics developed all platonic and Aristotelian fields of philosophy, including logic, physics, and ethics.

早期的斯多各派学习柏拉图和亚里斯多德的哲学体系，包括逻辑学，物理学和伦理学。

Classical languages and literatures and religion provided the core curriculum with Aristotelian philosophy for advanced students.

古典语言和文学，宗教等提供了核心课程与亚里斯多德哲学为先进学生。

3 His mechanical philosophy of nature was a sharp break with the prevailing conception as represented by Renaissance natural philosophy, and scarcely less of a break with Aristotelianism; and in his sensation of making a fresh start he spoke for 17th century science as a whole.

他的机械自然哲学截然地对立由文艺复兴自然哲学所代表的优势概念，但比较不像是和亚里斯多德主义之间的裂痕。而且在他做为全新起点的轰动人物(sensation的特别用法)之中。他成为十七世纪整体科学的代言人。

Secondly, regarding the question of "Man," Aquinas transcended the two options provided by the tradition of Greek philosophy-Plato and Aristotle-declaring "Man is a compound substance composed of soul and body."

其次，多玛斯在「人」这个问题上，超越了希腊哲学传统所提供的两种选择－柏拉图和亚里斯多德，主张「人是由灵魂和肉体组合而成的复合实体」。

In the Hellenistic and roman periods after Plato and Aristotle, philosophy branched into three distinct movements: Epicureanism, stoicism, and skepticism.

在柏拉图和亚里斯多德之后的希腊和罗马时代，哲学出现了泾渭分明的三个流向：伊壁鸠鲁派，斯多阁派，思凯普特派。

A "metaphysical bookstore," for instance, is not one that sells books on ontology, but rather one that sells books on spirits, faith healing, crystal power, occultism, and other such topics.

而柏拉图开始，到亚里斯多德，似乎不是"确立了这个哲学对宗教的新的进攻点"，而是为西方宗教提供了哲学基础。

In 1976, it is the first time for the conception to be put forward by Bernard Williams. Though he didn"t define this conception, his discussion showed the possibility of Moral Luck. And he emphasized particularly on the agent"s recept to apprehend the Moral Luck. Later, Thomas Nagel based on the life to classify the Moral Luck and expatiated. He wanted to integrate Moral Luck with the moral theory of Kant. As a result, it is disappointed. Whereafter, basing on the former philosopher, Anthony Kenny thought that it is impossible for him to abate the strain between Kantianism and Moral Luck. Whereas, Kenny had no intention to followed them.

伯纳德·威廉姆斯于1976年第一次提出"道德运气"的概念，虽然没有对概念本身予以界定，但他的论述肯定了概念的可能性，并侧重从行为者主观的角度来理解道德运气；随后，托马斯·内格尔立足现实生活，对道德运气进行分类论述，并试图将康德的道德理论与道德运气结合，当然结果是令人失望的；继威廉姆斯与内格尔之后，安东尼·肯尼在两位哲学家论述的基础之上，认为他自己也无力缓和康德哲学与道德运气的张力，但无意追随威廉姆斯和内格尔的步调，而是从亚里士多德哲学和中世纪基督教神学中探讨道德运气。

In the second part, it is argued that the effect of Novum Organum on the philosophy and science is just as the function of beacon. The thesis in this part systematically introduces Bacon\'s basic and extensive thoughts excluding Baconian Induction, Theory of the Idols and the Empirical Epistemology that people have thoroughly researched; moreover, the mistakes which people have made are corrected and the limitations of the viewpoints of Novum Organum are also focused on. In the third part, Bacon\'s basic and extensive scientific and technological researches are discussed. Regarded to this, the thesis finds that people only paid attention to Bacon\'s view that heat is a motion which Bacon took lots of space in Novum Organum to summarized according to Baconian Induction.

本文总共分为四大部分：首先，分析《新工具》是对亚里斯多德《工具论》的勇敢挑战，并着重论述了培根的政治和文化背景对他的新思想所造成的深刻影响；其次，系统探讨《新工具》在哲学和科学中起到的灯塔作用，本文论述了培根的基本哲学和科学思想及具体应用和反映，但是对前人已深入探讨过的培根式归纳法、四假象说和经验认识论不再论述，同时对前人的一些误读进行澄清，并分析培根的《新工具》在哲学和科学思想方面的局限；再次，对前人很少涉猎的《新工具》中的科学研究方面进行系统论述，本文发现人们基本上仅仅注意到了培根在《新工具》中大篇幅运用培根式归纳法进行举例论证的热动说，而对这本书中其他的科学研究不甚关注。

In the second part, it is argued that the effect of Novum Organum on the philosophy and science is just as the function of beacon. The thesis in this part systematically introduces Bacon"s basic and extensive thoughts excluding Baconian Induction, Theory of the Idols and the Empirical Epistemology that people have thoroughly researched; moreover, the mistakes which people have made are corrected and the limitations of the viewpoints of Novum Organum are also focused on. In the third part, Bacon"s basic and extensive scientific and technological researches are discussed. Regarded to this, the thesis finds that people only paid attention to Bacons view that heat is a motion which Bacon took lots of space in Novum Organum to summarized according to Baconian Induction.

本文总共分为四大部分：首先，分析《新工具》是对亚里斯多德《工具论》的勇敢挑战，并着重论述了培根的政治和文化背景对他的新思想所造成的深刻影响；其次，系统探讨《新工具》在哲学和科学中起到的灯塔作用，本文论述了培根的基本哲学和科学思想及具体应用和反映，但是对前人已深入探讨过的培根式归纳法、四假象说和经验认识论不再论述，同时对前人的一些误读进行澄清，并分析培根的《新工具》在哲学和科学思想方面的局限；再次，对前人很少涉猎的《新工具》中的科学研究方面进行系统论述，本文发现人们基本上仅仅注意到了培根在《新工具》中大篇幅运用培根式归纳法进行举例论证的热动说，而对这本书中其他的科学研究不甚关注。

In Athens he financed all four great philosophical schools: the academy, the lyceum, the garden, and the stoa.

马可奥瑞琉斯在经济上支持雅典的四所著名的哲学讲堂：柏拉图一系的学院，亚里斯多德一系的学苑，伊壁鸠鲁一系的学园，以及斯多各派的学廊。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。