亚里斯多德

In the second part, it is argued that the effect of Novum Organum on the philosophy and science is just as the function of beacon. The thesis in this part systematically introduces Bacon"s basic and extensive thoughts excluding Baconian Induction, Theory of the Idols and the Empirical Epistemology that people have thoroughly researched; moreover, the mistakes which people have made are corrected and the limitations of the viewpoints of Novum Organum are also focused on. In the third part, Bacon"s basic and extensive scientific and technological researches are discussed. Regarded to this, the thesis finds that people only paid attention to Bacons view that heat is a motion which Bacon took lots of space in Novum Organum to summarized according to Baconian Induction.

本文总共分为四大部分：首先，分析《新工具》是对亚里斯多德《工具论》的勇敢挑战，并着重论述了培根的政治和文化背景对他的新思想所造成的深刻影响；其次，系统探讨《新工具》在哲学和科学中起到的灯塔作用，本文论述了培根的基本哲学和科学思想及具体应用和反映，但是对前人已深入探讨过的培根式归纳法、四假象说和经验认识论不再论述，同时对前人的一些误读进行澄清，并分析培根的《新工具》在哲学和科学思想方面的局限；再次，对前人很少涉猎的《新工具》中的科学研究方面进行系统论述，本文发现人们基本上仅仅注意到了培根在《新工具》中大篇幅运用培根式归纳法进行举例论证的热动说，而对这本书中其他的科学研究不甚关注。

I tell Aristotle that we have found many more than four basic elements and I show him a periodic table.

我告诉亚里斯多德我们已经发现了远不只四大基本元素，并且给他展示了元素周期表。

Dualism asserts the separate existence of mind and body, and can be traced back to Plato[2] and Aristotle[3][4][5] in the West and the sankhya school of Hindu philosophy in the East[6] and was most precisely formulated in modern terms by René Descartes in the 17th century.

二元论主张心灵和身体的分立存在，在西方可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里斯多德，在东方可以追溯到印度哲学的数论派，在17世纪由笛卡儿（René Descartes）用现代的语言最为精确地表述了出来。

Aristotle not only invented syllogistic reasoning but also gave such a thorough analysis of the subject-predicate relation and all syllogistic forms that this method, now called deductive logic, has virtually remained unchanged to this day.

亚里斯多德不仅发明了三段论推理的方法，还极为彻底地研究了这种命题-推断模式，掌握了三段论推理过程的所有形式。直到今天，这种方法依然维持着最初的状况，我们现在称其为演绎逻辑。

The first and greatest difficulty is the repugnance and incompatibility between being at the center and being distant from it, For if the terrestrial globe must move within a year around the circumference of a circle that is, around the Zodiac, then it is impossible for it at the same time to be at the center of the Zodiac.

就对话录中的辛普利西来说找理由一点也难不倒他，最大的难处是：地球既要在中央又要保持距离的矛盾，因为地球一年内要绕黄道一圈，因此不可能同时又居黄道中心，但是地球居黄道中心，这一点亚里斯多德、托勒密等人已证实过很多次了。

Aristotele, who lived in 384-322 B.C, praises the Molossus and tells us that they serves as guardians of the herds, and distinguises itself from all other dogs through its size and indomitable courage against wild animals.

亚里斯多德(公元前384-322)盛赞魔罗刹：作为畜群的保护者，魔罗刹有着不同于其他狗的体型和不惧野兽的勇气。

In fact, most of the philosophical terms and classffications we use today were coined by Aristotle.

实际上我们今天所用的大多数的哲学术语和分类是亚里斯多德创造的。

The ideal of the New Republic advocated by Aristotle has basically reached its maturity in ancient Rome, characterised by pluralism in the government system and counterbalancing of power.

亚里斯多德倡导的新共和制理想，在古罗马基本成熟，主要特点是多元政制与分权制衡。

Early Christianity added to Aristotle's notion the still darker doctrine that the miseries of work were an appropriate and immovable means of expiating the sins of Adam.

早期的基督教义给亚里斯多德的观点中加入了更加难以理解的学说，即劳动的苦恼是抵偿亚当罪过的适当且无法改变的手段。

In chapter thirteen, Aristotle outlines an ideal of the central character of tragedy, the so-called tragic hero, and identifies the source of the character's downfall with something called hamartia .

在第十三章，亚里斯多德描画了一个悲剧中心角色－－悲剧主人公的理想，并指出该角色的堕落是因为一种叫「悲剧性缺陷」的东西。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。