亚系

In the first chapter, using fragments of COI gene, we studied the phylogenetic relationships among species of five familes of Acridoidea with MP and Bayesian methods. The results were as follows:(1) Species of Acrididae, Gomphoceridae and all the Arcypterinae species of Arcypteridae are monophyletic. Species of Oedipodidae are supported as a monophyleticgroup, Ceracrinae species of Arcypteridae cluter together to make a monophyletic group. Epistaurus aberrans and Xenocatantops humilis is a phylogenetic group, Stenocatantops splendens and Hieroglyphus banian is also a phylogenetic group.

我们首先利用COI基因序列片段，使用最大简约法、贝叶斯法研究了斑腿蝗科、剑角蝗科、斑翅蝗科、网翅蝗科和槌角蝗科5个科42种的系统发育关系，得到如下结果：（1）由所有网翅蝗亚科的物种与剑角蝗科绿洲蝗亚科和槌角蝗科的物种组成一个单系群；斑翅蝗科的物种组成一个单系群；网翅蝗科的竹蝗亚科的黄脊雷蓖蝗和青脊竹蝗聚在一起形成单系群；斑腿蝗科的长翅十字蝗和大斑外斑腿蝗亲缘关系较近，形成一个单系群；长角直斑腿蝗和等歧蔗蝗始终聚在一起，形成一个单系群。

Basal synthem is the Taishan mountain group in archaean, is mainly the gneiss; The paleozoic synthem besides the regional lost stratas: Upper Ordovician, Silurian-Devonian and Lower Carboniferous, other stratas have the distribution, divides into Cambro-ordovician and Permo-Carboniferous two structure subgroups. Cambro-ordovician is a set of carbonate construction, Permo-Carboniferous system is a set contains the coal clastic rock deposition; In the mesozoic synthem lost Upper Triassic and Upper Crataceous ,growth Middle-Lower Triassic and Middle-Lower Jurassic and Lower Crataceous three structure subgroups, main growth varicolored land facies clastic rock, discovered rich fossil data such as cryptogam ,Ostracoda and Chareae and so on.

基底构造层指太古界泰山群，主要为片麻岩；古生界构造层除区域性缺失的上奥陶统、志留-泥盆系和下石炭统外，其余地层均有分布，分为冷武-奥陶系和石炭-二叠系两个构造亚层，冷武-奥陶系为一套碳酸盐建造，石炭-二叠系为一套含煤碎屑岩沉积；中生界构造层缺失上三叠统和上白垩统，发育下-中三叠统、下-中侏罗统和上侏罗-下白垩统三个构造亚层，为杂色陆相碎屑岩，发现丰富的孢粉、介形类、轮藻等化石；新生界古近系岩性以砂泥岩互层为主，含薄层油页岩，新近系-第四系为一套河流相沉积。

The evolutionary relationships were investgated by comparing the results from molecular data alone or molecular data combined morphological characters using different analysis methods: maximum parsimony by PAUP(superscript *) 4.0 and Bayesian inference by MrBayes 3.0B4. Base composition and ti/tv of 28S rDNA D2 regions were analyzed by PAUP(superscript *) 4.0. The results showed that GC content of the 28S rDNA D2 gene sequences of subfamily Euphorinae ranges from 40.00% to 49.25%. Transversion frequency of sequence variable sites among species of Euphorinae was higher than that of transition. The subfamily Euphorinae was proved to be a paraphyletic group with close relationship to subfamilies Neoneurinae and Cenocoelinae; only two tribes, Meterorini and Microctonini, were proved to be monophyletic groups; Centistini, Cosmophorini, Euphorini and Dinocampini were paraphyletic groups; the basal position of tribe Meterorini within Euphorinae was partially supported by our phylogenetic trees, and tribe Microctonini was proved to be a group at the top of the trees.

结果表明：优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC%含量在40.00%~49.25%之间变动，而对于碱基替代情况来讲，优茧蜂亚科各个成员间序列变异位点上颠换大于转换；不同的分析和算法所产生的系统发育树都表明目前根据形态定义出的优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae不是一个单系群，而是一个与蚁茧蜂亚科Neoneurinae和高腹茧蜂亚科Cenocoelinae混杂在一起的并系群；在优茧蜂亚科内部，悬茧蜂族Meterorini和食甲茧蜂族Microctonini（排除猎户茧蜂属Orionis）为单系群，而宽鞘茧蜂族Centistini、大颚茧蜂族Cosmophorini、优茧蜂族Euphorini、瓢虫茧蜂族Dinocampini为并系群；悬茧蜂族Meterorini在优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae内位于基部位置的观点得到部分的支持，同时食甲茧蜂族Microctonini被判定为相对进化的类群。

The molecular phylogenetic trees indicated that Oedipodinae is a monophyletic group and this subfamily is a natural one, but Catantopinae and Acridinae are non-monophyletic. Oedipodnae is a relatively primitive group within the Acrididae, whereas the Oxyinae may have diverged later than Oedipodinae, but earlier than most other species of Acridide.

分子系统树表明：斑翅蝗亚科是一单系群，该亚科是一个合法的亚科，但斑腿蝗亚科和蝗亚科都不是单系群；斑翅蝗亚科在蝗科内是一个相对原始的类群，而稻蝗亚科比斑翅蝗亚科相对进化，比蝗科的其他亚科的种类相对原始。

Objective To establish the high invasiveness subseries cell lines of three bladder neoplasm strains of BIU-87,EJ and T24,and to observe the invasive process in vitro.Methods The high invasiveness subseries cell lines were selected based on the penetrating power of artifical basilar membrane and polycarbonate membrane through constructing invasive cabin.

医药卫生体制改革最新方案内容概览及其展望多种自身抗体联合检测对类风湿性关节炎作用持续高眼压下青光眼手术治疗的临床观察目的建立BIU-87、EJ和T24 3株膀胱癌细胞的高侵袭力亚系，并对侵袭过程进行观察。

Based on these previous work, in this research, in order to explore the the molecular mechanism of enhanced tumor cell immunogenicity treated by elemene and mytomycin C compositely, we used murine Hca-F ascitic hepatic carcinoma ( high lymphatic metastasis substrain of H22) as an experimental model to compare the immunoprotective effects on Hca-F cells as well as the mechanism of the effects caused by HSP70-peptide complex purified from untreated tumor cells, EC-TCV and BCG; We studied the mechanism of increased tumor cell membrane HSP expression treated with elemene by the techniques of RT-PCR and immunoelectron microscopy; In order to deeply elucidate the antitumor effects and the molecular mechanism of elemene in increasing tumor cell immunogenicity we analyzed and compared the effects of elemene and heat shock on the gene expressions of tumor cell using gene expression profile chip.

本论文在上述研究成果的基础上，选择小鼠肝癌H22的高淋巴道转移亚系Hca-F为模型，进一步比较了未处理肿瘤细胞来源、榄香烯复合瘤苗来源的和卡介苗来源的HSP70-肽复合物对Hca-F的免疫保护效应、效应机制，探讨榄香烯-丝裂霉素复合处理增强肿瘤细胞免疫原性的分子机制；以Hca-F和人肝癌细胞株HepG〓等为模型研究了榄香烯处理增强肿瘤细胞膜热休克蛋白表达的机制；以HepG〓为模型用表达谱基因芯片研究比较了榄香烯与热休克处理对肿瘤细胞基因表达的影响，从而进一步阐明榄香烯抗肿瘤作用及增强肿瘤细胞免疫原性的分子机制。

Using Parantica aglea and Euploea core as the outgroups, the phylogenetic trees of the Nymphalidae taxa in this study were reconstructed with and Bayesian methods based on 16S rDNA, 12S rDNA and their combined sequences. The results showed that the Nymphalinae was not monophyletic; the Junonia should be classified into Hypolimni; the Apaturinae, Byblinae and Nymphalinae were closely related to each other; the Pseudergolinae and Byblinae should be separated from Limenitinae.

分子系统树显示：蛱蝶亚科并非单系群，蛱蝶族中眼蛱蝶属应移入斑蛱蝶族；豹蛱蝶亚科为单系发生；闪蛱蝶和苾蛱蝶亚科与蛱蝶亚科具有较近的系统关系；支持将秀蛱蝶和苾蛱蝶亚科从线蛱蝶亚科中分离出来。

These ES cells were introduced into host embryos from outbred KMW though blastocyst injection. Using GFP, the attractive genetic marker, we have been able to follow the fate of ES cells in living embryos and to observe directly the contribution of these cells to mouse embryos. Totally, four GFP-expressing 'green' chimeric mice expressing GFP were obtained.

为研究嵌合体动物中供体胚胎干细胞在宿主胚胎发育中的走向和定位，同时探讨绿色荧光蛋白基因作为报告基因在转基因动物制作中的应用价值，本研究将pEGFP-N1基因导入小鼠ES-D3细胞系，得到稳定表达GFP的胚胎干细胞亚系ES-D3-GFP，通过对昆明小鼠的囊胚腔注射，获得了4只表达绿色荧光蛋白的嵌合体小鼠。

In addition, the 8 genes in every strain of isolates were not the same sub-lineague in the phylogenic trees, indicating that they might be the products of natural reassortment occurring among different sub-lineages.

所分离毒株中每个毒株的8个基因，在遗传进化树上的分支不具有统一性，说明此3个毒株可能为不同基因亚系间发生自然重排的产物。

The results are as follows: 1 The ingroups studied are divided into four clades on the molecular phylogenetic trees that we reconstructed.

我们测定了斑腿蝗科10亚科20种蝗虫和其它蝗科3种蝗虫的16S rDNA序列片段，并从GenBank中下载了斑腿蝗科3种、其它蝗科10种及蚱总科2种的16S rDNA相应序列片段，然后对这共计38种蝗亚目昆虫的16S rDNA序列片段进行了同源性比较，以其中2种蚱作外群构建了蝗总科的分子系统树，得到的结论如下：1斑腿蝗科并非是一单系群。2该科中的切翅蝗亚科、稻蝗亚科、黑蝗亚科、秃蝗亚科、卵翅蝗亚科、蔗蝗亚科均不是单系群，分子系统树的聚类结果与基于形态特征的斑腿蝗科的分类体系有较大的出入。3支持将黑蝗亚科和秃蝗亚科合并为一个亚科——秃蝗亚科。4卵翅蝗、伪稻蝗和稻蝗三者有很近的亲缘关系。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新