亚种的

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

In view of the fact that the O. t. dybowskii are in imminent danger, first, must take importance to protection of wintering areas;Next, must try our best to protect the important breeding areas;Finally, establishes a population including existing genetic diversity for reintroduction, thus enable it to get rid gradually is in imminent danger, achieves the bustard species protection the goal.

鉴于东方亚种的濒危境地，首先，要重视越冬地的保护；其次，要保护好重要繁殖区：最后，建立一个拥有现有遗传多样性水平的迁地保护种群，既可避免其遗传多样性的进一步丧失，又可为扩大野外种群的规模奠定基础，从而使其逐渐摆脱濒危境地，达到大鸨物种保护的目的。

In the present paper, we determined the mitochondrial DNA sequence 539bp of the high variable I D-loop regions(mtDNA HVS-I) for 243 domestic fowls 19 were Wugu (or black-bone chicken and 8 non-wugu breeds/races and 38 red jungle fowls (Gallus. Gallus. spadiceus and Gallus. Gallus. jabouillei). We also sequenced 289bp mitochondrial DNA of Cyt-b for 5 red jungle fowls; D-loop region (mtDNA HVS-I)for 19 individuals Guinea fowl and 18 individuals mule chickens (Guinea fowl $ x Wugu chickens^ ) respectively; mtDNA HVS- II of D-loop region for 34 individuals of domestic fowls and red jungle fowls in 690bp and the MC1R code gene in 945 bp.

本文共测定了19个乌骨鸡品种及8个非乌骨鸡品种的243个家鸡和38个原鸡个体(属于Gallus.gallus.spadiceus和Gallus.gallus.jabouillee亚种)的线粒体D-环高变区(mtDNA HVS-Ⅰ)539bp的部分序列，另外还测定了5个红原鸡个体线粒体细胞色素b的289 bp序列、19个珍珠鸡个体、18个骡鸡个体的线粒体D环高变区序列、30个家鸡个体线粒体D环非高变区的690bp序列以及34个家鸡及原鸡个体的MC1R基因编码区的945bp。

Methods Genomic DNAs of 26 trypanosome isolates were amplified by a mobile genetic elements-PCR technique and cluster analysis was performed based on the molecular profiles with Neighbor-Joining method.

目的分析锥虫亚属布氏锥虫、伊氏锥虫和马媾疫锥虫3个种以及布氏锥虫：指名亚种、冈比亚亚种、罗得西亚3个亚种间的遗传变异与进化关系。

Lesser Whitethroat: nominate plus blythi , though I read that blythi may be synonymous with curruca anyway.

白喉林莺 Lesser Whithroat ：指名亚种加上 blythi 亚种，虽然我读到 blythi 亚种可能就是白喉林莺的同义词（编按：意思是指名亚种和 blythi 亚种是同一个亚种？）。

Repass and other 5 kinds the configuration of frontal flea larva is compared, discovery belongs to frontal flea subgenus number of 5 kinds of larval big gnathic tine are 5 tine commonly, one age larval broken egg implement the larval big jaw that the front belongs to subspecies of otter of ash of flea of forehead of subgenus of bird forehead flea for shoe form; ages number amounts to 9, one age larval broken egg implement the front is bat form.

再通过与其它 5种额蚤幼虫的形态比较，发现属于额蚤亚属 5种幼虫的大颚齿数一般为 5个齿，一龄幼虫的破卵器正面为鞋形；而属于鸟额蚤亚属前额蚤灰獭亚种的幼虫的大颚齿数达 9个，一龄幼虫的破卵器正面为球拍形。

However, they have their respective shortcomings in mosquitocidal spectrum, persisting and resist-mosquito management. In this research, the mosquitocidal toxin genes cry4Ba and cry11Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis and btx gene from Bacillus sphaericus were co-expressed.cry4Aa,cry4Ba and cry11Aa genes were also co-expressed with btx gene seperatedly and in combination.The constructed recombinants had a high toxicity against susceptible and resistant mosquito.

本研究将苏云金杆菌以色列亚种的杀蚊毒素基因cry4Ba和cry11Aa与球形芽胞杆菌的二元毒素基因btx两种杀蚊菌的杀蚊毒素基因进行了重组，将Bti杀蚊毒素基因cry4Aa， cry4Ba， cry11Aa及Bs的杀蚊毒素基因btx单独或组合表达，所得工程菌株对敏感和抗性库蚊的毒力均有提高，不仅提高了杀蚊毒力，扩大了杀蚊谱，而且部分克服了蚊幼虫对Bs的抗性。

They all contain 13 protein coding gene,2 rRNA gene,22 tRNA gene and 1 D-Loop.The base composition for the four nucleotides is A-32.0%,C-27.6%,G-14.7%,T-25.8%,And it is A-32.5%,C-26.9%,G-14.1%,T-26.5%for Yellow-throated Marten.But there are some definite differences in base composition,the using of Initiation codon and Stop codon,and the mode of repeat sequences in control region.The codon usages of Manes have bias,and the ttiird locations of codon of protein-coding genes have the higher frequency in using A and C.There may be some relativity with the content of A and C in D-loop,namely,it has relation with the mode of repeat sequences.The complete mitochondrial genome of the Sable and Yellow-throated Marten were submitted to GenBank,and the accession number are FJ429093 and FJ719367 respectively.3、The complete mitochondrial genome of 6 other species of Mustelidae from GenBank and some sequences of D-loop from the 6 species were aligned.

分析紫貂大兴安岭亚种、长白山亚种、阿尔泰亚种和北欧亚种间的基因流及进化历史得知：大兴安岭种群与新疆种群和长白山种群间的基因流水平最高(Nm=0.1260和0.1427)，新疆与长白山种群间最低Nm=0.0053紫貂种群在进化过程中可能发生过种群膨胀，经历过种群增长过程。2、对紫貂和黄喉貂的线粒体全基因组结构进行分析发现：全长分别为16 523bp和16549bp，均包含13个蛋白质编码基因、2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因和1个非编码序列区(D-Loop区，紫貂全序列中碱基组成为A-32.0%，C-27.6%，G-14.7%，T-25.8%，黄喉貂为A-32.5%，C-26.9%，G-14.1%，T-26.5%；基因排列顺序与日本貂和貂熊的一致，但碱基组成、起始密码子和终止密码子的使用及控制区中串联重复序列模式等均存在一定差异。

The nomenclatural act of an author or the Commission in fixing, by an express statement, the name-bearing type of a newly or previously established nominal genus, subgenus, species, or subspecies.

一命名者或命名法委员会以明确的叙述，确定一个新建立或以前建立的命名属、亚属、种、或亚种的具名模式时所作的命名举动。

The research found there is a high genomic similarity between the giant panda and the dog. It also supported the view of most scientists that the giant panda may be a subspecies of Ursidae.

研究结果表明，大熊猫基因组与狗的基因组最接近；数据分析结果还支持了大多数科学家所持的&大熊猫是熊科的一个亚种&的观点。

The reasons of iron ions content overproof in grade Ⅱ desalting water system,such as variation water quality,contamination of regenerant , operation adjustment of pretreatment system and switching operation of bed were discussed.

对二级脱盐水系统中铁离子含量超标的原因，如来水水质发生波动、再生剂受到污染、预处理系统操作调整、床体运行切换等进行了论述。

You were hired to drum up new business, so go and do it.

公司雇你招徕新业务，你就做你的事好了。