亚南极的

Neighbor-Joining analyses of teleost hepcidins showed that the eelpout 4cys variant arose independently from the notothenioid version, which lends support to adaptive evolution of reduced cysteine hepcidin variants on cold selection. The NJ tree also showed taxonomic-specific expansions of hepcidin variants, indicating that duplication and diversification of hepcidin genes play important roles in evolutionary response to diverse ecological conditions.

另外我们在另一种生活于南极水域的eelpout中也发现了一种含有4个半胱氨酸残基的hepcidin，而eelpout和南极鱼notothenioid在分类学上分属于不同亚目，是一类相差较远的物种，利用Neighbor-Joining方法建树分析发现eelpout的hepcidin虽然同样仅含有4个半胱氨酸残基，但和notothenioid的4cys_hepcidin有着不同的起源，这也进一步说明了hepcidin中半胱氨酸残基数目的减少确实是对寒冷环境的一种适应性进化。

"Either of the two largest pinniped species: the northern elephant seal, of coastal island s off California and Baja California, or the southern elephant seal, of sub-Antarctic regions."

鳍脚亚目海豹科两种最大的鳍脚类水生哺乳动物的统称，即︰北方小吻象海豹，主要栖于加州和墨西哥下加利福尼亚的沿海岛屿；南方象海豹，栖于整个南极附近地区。

"Either of the two largest pinniped species: the northern elephant seal, of coastal islands off California and Baja California, or the southern elephant seal, of sub -Antarctic regions."

鳍脚亚目海豹科两种最大的鳍脚类水生哺乳动物的统称，即︰北方小吻象海豹，主要栖于加州和墨西哥下加利福尼亚的沿海岛屿；南方象海豹，栖于整个南极附近地区。

Reference to the southwest Pacific island southeast corner of Tasmania to the Antarctic continent and the Indian Ocean to the warp boundaries, southeast to the southern tip of South America through the Cape Horn and the Atlantic meridional boundaries, North via the Bering Strait and the Arctic Ocean Link, N Panama Canal and Magellan Strait, Drake communication across the Atlantic. W Strait of Malacca and Sunda Strait links the Indian Ocean, the total approximate contour round.

范围 太平洋西南以塔斯马尼亚岛东南角至南极大陆的经线与印度洋分界，东南以通过南美洲最南端的合恩角的经线与大西洋分界，北经白令海峡与北冰洋连接，东经巴拿马运河和麦哲伦海峡、德雷克海峡沟通大西洋，西经马六甲海峡和巽他海峡通印度洋，总轮廊近似圆形。

It is home to grey-headed albatrosses, northern giant petrels, white chinned petrels, Antarctic prions, half of the entire population of macaroni penguins and most of the planet's population of the South Georgia blue-eyed shag.

对于灰头信天翁、巨型北方海燕、白颊海燕、南极海燕、超过半数的马可罗尼企鹅以及地球上大多数的南乔治亚蓝眼睛沙格鸟来说，这里就是它们的家园。

The 14-million-year-old called ostracods were found recently in an ancient lake bed in the Dry Valleys region in the continent's interior.

最近在南极大陆内的干谷一带的古老的湖泊沉积矿内发现了被称为介形亚纲动物的化石，有140，000，000年的历史了。

Madagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica; France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia

马达加斯加要求Bassas da印度，欧罗巴岛、Glorioso海岛和胡安de Nova Island法国疆土行使主权；科摩罗要求Mayotte；毛里求斯要求Tromelin海岛主权；苏里南和法属圭亚那的法国国外部门之间也存在领土争端；法国申明对南极州Adelie土地领土主权；法国和瓦努阿图同时要求新卡里多尼亚东边马修和猎人海岛主权。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。