二维的

A grating function and a groove function are introduced to determine the structure of a concave grating. Basic ideas for the design of a flat-field concave grating with three stigmatic points are proposed. As a proof of the usefulness of these design approaches, image conditions of the grating with three stigmatic points are developed which concise with other published results and they are more general than those obtained from holographic gratings.

采用与分析三维光栅相类似的级数展开法给出了二维集成凹面光栅的球差、彗差的计算方法，计算中用光栅函数和槽面函数来描述具有任意形状和任意变化周期的光栅，提出了一种具有三个无像差点的平面场型凹面光栅的设计方法，利用该方法推导了三点无像差光栅的成像条件，与文献中用其它方法获得的结果相一致，该结果与全息光栅的成像条件相比，更具一般性。

So when we felt another kind of tetra-dimensional, extreme, music-like art made up of colors and lines in Malevich and Tatlin's experiment in the early of last century, people had to get used to the visional format from Kandinsky, Pollock, Mondrian and Roscoe. The brand-new artistic experiment is further rooted into experience of our religion, music, philosophy, life and other staffs not only from format to content, but also from theory to techniques. And the traditional plane paintings are used to annotate the art meaning of non-representation. But Chinese are unwilling. It is only the format product of powerful culture in expanding, rather that there are lots of differences between the western abstract and oriental "image".

所以当我们从上个世纪初在马列维奇、塔特林的实验中，体验到一种被称为四度的、极致的、音乐似的、或者说将色彩和线编制成为另一种艺术自由的端倪时，人们就不得不习惯由康定斯基、波洛克、蒙德里安和罗斯科所带给我们的视觉图式，它们从形式到内容、从理论到技巧，无不变本加厉地把这种全新的艺术实验根植于我们对宗教、音乐、哲学、生活以及诸多问题的体验中，并用传统的二维平面绘画来诠释出非具象的艺术意义，不过这些对中国人来说，很可能是不情愿的，它只是强势文化在扩张中的样式产物，更何况这些西方式的抽象与东方式的"意象"仍然有着极大的差异。

The thickness of the ice cover on the wall surface heat transfer is greater than the thickness of it on the air heat transfer form. The thickness of the ice cover on the wall surface heat transfer along the way changes slowly, but it on the air heat transfer along the way changes significantly. Reducing the entrance velocity, lowering the wall surface or air temperature, the formation of the thickness of the ice cover will increase; in the 3D circumstances, The thickness of the ice cover was relatively uniform in the import of the U-turn model, the ice cover was gradual accumulation in the convex bank when the stream traversed the import of the U-turn model, the thickness of the ice cover in the convex bank was significantly bigger than the thickness in the concave bank. The temperature field under the ice cover tends to be complex because of the existence of the secondary flows. The temperature in the convex bank is greater than it in the concave bank. Compared with the data from experiments, the laws in the numerical simulation are similar with them in the experiments

模拟结果显示：二维情况下，运用壁面传热形成的冰盖厚度大于运用空气传热形成的冰盖厚度，壁面传热形成的冰盖厚度沿程变化缓慢，而空气传热形成的冰盖厚度沿程变化明显，减小入口流速，降低壁面或空气温度等，形成冰盖的厚度都会增大；三维情况下，弯道入口处凸、凹岸形成的冰盖厚度基本相同，进入弯道后，凸岸形成的冰盖厚度逐渐增大，而凹岸的冰盖厚度逐渐减小，受横向环流的影响，冰盖下水流的温度场趋向复杂，并且凸岸的温度小于凹岸的温度；与实验室实验所得数据相比较，数值模拟研究得到的规律基本符合实验规律。

It is time-consuming. The dissertation basis the laser scan data organization form of two dimension grids, the three-dimensional point directly relation to vicinage region point, the new corresponding point will produce from the neighbor region.

本文根据激光扫描数据二维网格的组织形式，三维点的邻域关系直接体现在距离图像象素点的邻域关系上，因此对应点周围的点也有可能产生新的对应点，所以采用在已知对应点的邻域内局部搜索新的最近的点对，提高搜索的效率。

In the same time, water-soluble bidental phosphines ligand BISBIS sulfonated 2,2''-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl-1,1''-biphenyl was synthesized, and water-soluble rhodium complex Cl was synthesized in situ. This complex which was used as catalysts to catalyze the hydrogenation of avermectin was also tested. Although the rhodium complex containing bidentate phosphine BISBIS showed a higher catalytic activity than one containing TPPDS, the selectivity for ivermectin was lower. How to improve the selectivity will be needed to studied in futur.

同时我们用磺化的2，2''-二-- 1，1''--联苯，以及它们的水溶性威尔金森型铑配合物和环辛二烯的阳离子铑配合物，在利用这些配合物作催化剂，考察它们在各种反应条件下对阿维菌素的选择加氢，由于反应条件以及复合催化剂体系的组成还需要进一步优化，虽然双齿膦配合物显示了较高的活性，然而选择性还有待进一步提高。

Furthermore, the one-dimensional complexes 26 and 28 with strongπ-πpacking interactions are prepared from DMF solvent, which indicates that the traditional solvent volatilizing method could bring low-dimensional complex.4. By measuring the enthalpy changes of the liquid phase formation reaction for complexes a~e, and calculating the electronic densities of five 5-substituted derivation of isophthalic acid, we can make a conclusion that 5-substituted group changing of the ligand has a little influence on oxygen atoms of carboxyl groups.5. Fluorescence experiments of these complexes indicated that they could be used for luminescence materials in future.6. Using packing saturation rule we calculated and analyzed these series of complexes, and the results showed that the changes of complexes with changes of ligands could be explained from the rule.

在DMF溶剂中得到了具有强π-π堆积作用力的一维配位聚合物[Ln(5-NO_2-bdc)(NO_3)]Ln=Pr(26和Ho(28)，表明传统的溶剂挥发合成条件可以得到低维的配合物。4、通过配合物a～e的液相生成反应焓的测定，以及配体阳离子的电子密度计算，进一步佐证了间苯二甲酸的5位取代基变化对配体的羧基氧原子配位能力影响不大的结论。5、荧光特性表明此类配合物可以用于发光材料。6、利用堆积饱和规律对所得系列的配合物的进行计算和分析，发现随着配体的变化，配合物的变化可以从堆积饱和规律出发进行解释。

In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification labeling coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS) was employed to compare the differential protein expressions in MCF7 cells upon 17β-oestradiol (E2) stimulation or serum deprivation versus in normal conditions. A total of 576 proteins with the confidential level of ≥95% were identified, 26 proteins among the 576 proteins were found to be differentially expressed after E2 stimulation or serum deprivation, and among them 10 proteins were up-regulated and 16 proteins were down-regulated by more than two folds.

利用四重用于相对和绝对定量的等量异位标签(isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification， iTRAQ)标记结合二维液相色谱-串联质谱(two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry， 2D-LC-MS/MS)对雌二醇(17β-oestradiol， E2)和血清各自以及共同作用对MCF7乳腺癌细胞内蛋白质表达的影响进行了比较，共鉴定到置信度在95%以上的蛋白质576种，其中各组相对于正常培养组的细胞共找到26种差异在1倍以上的蛋白质，其中10种上调，16种下调。

Methods: The motion of parasternal papillary muscle anterior wall, inferior wall, posterior wall, and lateral wall were detected by 2DE at short axis view of left ventricle before PTCA, 3 d and 1-3 months after PTCA in 33 cases of patients with coronary heart disease, who received PTCA+stent at selected time. Peak systolic velocity of subendocardial, subepicardial and middle layer myocardium, transmural velocity difference of the same segments and Outer lateral mitral valve annulus were also detected at apical 4 chamber view by pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging.

对33例择期行PTCA+支架术的冠心病患者用HP5500型超声诊断仪，于PTCA术前及术后3d、1-3个月对胸骨旁左心室乳头肌短轴切面的前间壁、下壁、后壁、侧壁行二维超声心动图(2DE)检测各节段的室壁运动情况，用脉冲组织多普勒成像检测上述各节段的内、外膜下及中层心肌的收缩期峰值速度，内外膜下心肌的收缩速度差及心尖四腔观二尖瓣外侧环的收缩期峰值速度。

Applying soil's nonlinear stress-stran relationships (the skelton curve adopts Hadin's hyperbola model and the loaded/unloaded curve adopts the Masing's law revised by Pyke), and taking the viscous boundary as flank artificial boundary, 2D dynamic analysis of the foundation is programed by FEM. It contains an automatic dividing-element subroutine. It could be employed to calculate the horizontal and vertical seismic responses of the soil and foundation.

本文按照土体的非线性应力—应变模式，即将Hadin的双曲线模式作为骨架曲线，加卸荷采用Pyke等修正的广义Masing二倍法则，采用粘性边界作为侧面人工边界，用八结点等参数有限元法在微机上编写了二维地基的动力分析程序，该程序含有网络自动剖分模块，能较好地模似地基和基础在水平方向和竖向的地震反应。

Several novel structures have been determined: Unique ninenuclear complexesincorporating 3d, 4f metals with a sodium ion center, the sodium ion may be serve as atemplate in the formation of these novel complexes; Novel tetranuclear 〓complexes with channels formed by intermolecular weak interactions; First 〓type tetranuclear complex; Peculiar "dimer of dimers" complexes derived frombinuclear complex; Unusual one-dimensional wave chain formed by weakcoordination bonds and hydrogen bonds and two dimensional coordination polymerconstructed through coordination bonds and hydrogen bonds.

1获得了多个文献首报和罕见的特殊结构的配合物：两个同时含有碱金属-过渡-稀土金属的独特的九核配合物；两个具有孔道的稀土-过渡金属异四核配合物；草酰胺类〓四核配合物；两个由双核配合物通过叠氮和单个氯原子连成的四核配合物，尤其是以单个氯桥相连的化合物非常少见；一个由弱配键和氢键连成的具有一维波浪形结构的配合物；一个通过配位键和氢键连成的二维配位聚合物。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新