二氧化氮

In order to understand the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of PA and carvacrol, the superoxide dismutase, glutahoine reductase, glutahoine peroxidase activities in liver and malondialdehyde , cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α levels were eveluated. Also observed inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and the pathological histology in λ-carrageenan induced paw edema in mice.

本研究首先以醋酸扭体试验评估左手香水抽提物及其活性成分香芹酚是否具有镇痛效果，以福马林舔足试验辨别其镇痛作用是在周边或是中枢，再以λ-角叉菜胶诱导小鼠足跖肿胀试验探讨其抗发炎作用，并分析其肝脏组织中的超氧歧化酶、麸胱甘肽还原酶、麸胱甘肽过氧化酶活性、发炎足跖组织中的脂质过氧化指标产物丙二醛、肿瘤坏死因子-α及环氧化酶-2之含量变化，观察诱导型一氧化氮合成酶及环氧化酶-2之蛋白质表现量，并将肿胀足跖做病理切片观察之，以探讨左手香水抽提物及香芹酚之抗发炎机转。

Methods: We divide the rats into 5 groups in random, with Morris method, detect the change of some active oxygen radicals such as super-oxide demitasse, Nitric Oxide Synthase, malondialdehyde etc. Also, we detect the change of cholinesterase, Monoamine Oxidize; using HE,PAS staining, immuno-histochemical technique, detect hippocampus CA1 cerebral pathology slices optical density value of NOS, CHE and lipofuscin of neural cell; detecting apoptosis rate and the expression of P53 , which are neuronal apoptosis related genes.

大鼠随机分为5组，采用"Morris水迷宫"法观察脑缺血性模型大鼠学习记忆功能，检测超氧化物歧化酶、一氧化氮合酶、丙二醛等自由基代谢异常的改变，检测胆碱酯酶、单胺氧化酶等老化相关酶的变化、脑组织神经细胞免疫组织化学技术、检查海马CA1区脑组织的病理切片，检测NOS、CHE光密度值；流式细胞技术：检测细胞凋亡率，及促细胞凋亡基因、P_(53)蛋白表达；病理切片采用HE染色、PAS染色及免疫组化法检查，检测对大鼠海马神经元细胞一般病理变化及脑细胞内脂褐含量。

We found that F introduction only negligibly impacts the fundamental electrical properties of the fabricated transistors.

藉此，我们深入探讨氟对二氧化铪/氮氧化矽闸极之P型金氧半场效电晶体可靠性的影响。

Cytotoxic effect was demonstrated with nitrogen mustard, nitromin, sarcolysin, thio-TEPA and myleran at concentrations of 7, 10, 25, 35, 100, and 100μg/ml respectively.

氮芥及氧化氮芥在7—10微克/毫升，溶肉瘤素和新恩必恨于25—35微克/毫升，三乙酰硫代磷酰胺和丁二醇二甲磺酸酯在100微克/毫升，都出現了显著的細胞毒作用，使細胞很快死亡溶解；但6-巯基嘌吟和氨基喋吟未表現作用。

Objective To study the change of nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthetase, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase level in cerebrospinal fluid of children with viral encephalitis.

目的 探讨病毒性脑炎患儿脑脊液中一氧化氮、一氧化氮合酶、丙二醛和超氧化物歧化酶的变化特点。

Asymmetric dimethylarginine and monomethyl arginine are endogenously produced amino acids that inhibit all three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase.

点评：内皮一氧化氮以及一氧化氮合酶是目前门静脉高压症以及相关并发症的发病机制的研究热点之一，本文研究了抑制NOS的内源性氨基酸类化合物的清除酶—-二甲基精氨酸–二甲氨基水解酶，进一步的深入探究了这一发病机制，为今后治疗作用位点的选择、药物研发以及相关实验研究提供了一定的理论依据，个人认为该实验意义较大。

All ofthese reactions were carried out under mild conditions and are new effective methodsfor the preparation of indolizine derivatives. The reaction of phthalazinium and quinoxalinium N-ylides with electron-deficientolefins in the presence of oxidants have also been studied, it has been found that activemanganese dioxide could behave as a dehydrogenating oxidant. Pyrrolo[2,1-a]phthalazines and pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines are obtained in this way.

本文还对六员二氮杂环化合物酞嗪和喹喔啉的N-叶立德在氧化剂存在下与缺电子烯烃的l，3-偶极环加成反应作了研究，发现活性二氧化锰也是一个优良的氧化剂，并分别合成得到了吡咯并[2，1-a]酞嗪和吡咯并[1，2-a]喹喔啉衍生物。

After plasma sample being collected by extirpating eyeball, the mice were killed, the heart and the antrum of aorta were immediately made continuous pathologic slice.

并采用EUSA法检测血清氧化型低密度脂蛋白L、细胞粘附因子-1(ICAM-1)、一氧化氮、甘油三脂、胆固醇和丙二醛含量。

The effects and mechanism of GABAergic neurons, NOergic neurons, opioid peptide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the nucleus reticularis thalami on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats and the effects and mechanism of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from the nucleus raphes dorsalis to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats were investigated with the methods of brain stereotaxic, nucleus spile, microinjection and polysomngraphy.1. The effects of GABAergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats1.1 Microinjection of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP, a kind of glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor) into RT. On the day of microinjection, sleep only decreased a litter. On the second day, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. On the third and fourth day, sleep and wakefulness stages resumed to normal.1.2 Microinjection of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA 1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control; while microinjection of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 0.2μg) decreased sleep and increased wakefulness; microinjection of bicuculline (BIC, 1.0μg), a GABAA receptor antagonist, enhanced wakefulness and reduced sleep; microinjection of baclofen (BAC, 1.0μg), GABAB receptor agonist, had the same effects as GABA.2. The effects of NOergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats2.1 Microinjection of L-arginine (L-Arg, 0.5μg) into RT decreased sleep compared with control, but there were on statistaical difference between L-Arg group and control; while microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.2μg), a NO donor into RT, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. Microinjection of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 2.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.2.2 After simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and SNP (0.2μg) into RT, SNP abolished the sleep-promoting effect of L-NNA compared with L-NNA group; after simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and L-Arg(0.5μg) into RT, we found that L-NNA could not blocked the wakefulness-promoting effect of L-Arg.3. The effects of opioid peptide in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats3.1 Microinjection of morphine sulfate (MOR, 1.0μg) into RT increased wakefulness and decreased sleep compared with control; while microinjection of naloxone hydrochloride (NAL, 1.0μg), the antagonist of opiate receptors, into RT, enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.3.2 After simultaneous microinjection of MOR (1.0μg) and NAL (1.0μg) into RT, the wakefulness-promoting effect of MOR and the sleep-promoting effect of NAL were not observed compared with control.4. The effects of cAMP in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats Microinjection of cAMP (1.0μg) into RT increased sleep and decreased wakefulness compared with control; microinjection of methylene blue (MB,1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control.5. The effects of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from DRN to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats5.1 When L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and normal sodium (NS,1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT. We found that sleep was decreased and wakefulness was increased compared with control; when L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and methysergide (MS,1.0μg), a non-selective 5-HT antagonist, was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was enhanced and wakefulness was reduced compared with L-Glu group.5.2 When p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 10μg) was microinjected into DRN and NS (1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was increased and wakefulness was decreased compared with control; microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptaphan (5-HTP, 1.0μg), which can convert to 5-HT by the enzyme tryptophane hydroxylase and enhance 5-HT into bilateral RT, could block the effect of microinjection of PCPA into DRN on sleep-wakefulness cycle.

本研究采用脑立体定位、核团插管、微量注射、多导睡眠描记等方法，研究丘脑网状核(nucleus reticularis thalami，RT)中γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-amino butyric acid ，GABA)能神经元、一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum，NO)能神经元、阿片肽类神经递质、环一磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate，cAMP)及中缝背核(nucleus raphes dorsalis，DRN)至RT的5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT)能神经纤维投射对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响及其作用机制。1 RT内GABA能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响1.1大鼠RT内微量注射GABA合成关键酶抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MP，5μg)，注射当天睡眠时间略有减少，第二日睡眠时间显著减少，觉醒时间明显增多，第三、四日睡眠和觉醒时间逐渐恢复至正常。1.2大鼠RT内微量注射GABA受体激动剂GABA( 1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加，觉醒时间减少；而RT内微量注射L-谷氨酸(glutamic acid， L-Glu， 0.2μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAA受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline，BIC，1.0μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAB受体激动剂氯苯氨丁酸(baclofen，BAC，1.0μg)后，产生了与GABA相似的促睡眠效果。2 RT内NO能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响2.1大鼠RT内微量注射NO的前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg，0.5μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间略有减少，但无显著性意义；而RT内微量注射NO的供体硝普钠(Sodium Nitroprusside，SNP，0.2μg)后可明显增加觉醒时间，缩短睡眠时间；微量注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸(L-arginine，L-NNA，2.0μg)后，引起睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。2.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和SNP(0.2μg)后与L-NNA组比较发现SNP逆转了L-NNA的促睡眠作用；RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和L-Arg(0.5μg)后，与L-NNA(2.0μg)组比较发现L-Arg可以增加觉醒而缩短睡眠，其促觉醒作用未能被NOS的抑制剂L-NNA所逆转。3 RT内阿片肽对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响3.1大鼠RT内微量注射硫酸吗啡(morphine sulfate，MOR，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间减少而觉醒时间增加； RT内微量注射阿片肽受体拮抗剂盐酸纳洛酮(naloxone hydrochloride，NAL，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加而觉醒时间减少。3.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射MOR(1.0μg)和NAL(1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，原有的MOR促觉醒效果和NAL的促睡眠效果都没有表现。4 RT内环一磷酸腺苷信使对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响大鼠RT内微量注射cAMP(1.0μg)后与NS(1.0μg)组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少；RT内微量注射亚甲蓝(methylene blue，MB，1.0μg)后，与NS组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少。5中缝背核投射到丘脑网状核的5-羟色胺能神经纤维对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响5.1大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 0.2μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多；大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射二甲基麦角新碱(methysergide， MS， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射L-Glu 0.2μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。5.2大鼠DRN内微量注射对氯苯丙氨酸(p-chlorophenylalanine，PCPA，10μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少；大鼠DRN内微量注射PCPA(10μg)，产生睡眠增多效应后，在双侧RT内微量注射5-羟色胺酸(5-hydroxytryptaphan ， 5-HTP， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射PCPA 10μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多。

Methods the models of epilepsy were made by intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazol and the contents of no,mda and sod of all the epileptic hippocampus were assayed and dealt with all data by statistical analysis.

健康sd大鼠38只，分5组，采用戊四氮腹腔注射制作癫痫模型，测定各组大鼠海马一氧化氮、丙二醛的含量和超氧化物岐化酶的活性。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失