二元论

First, it discusses the presentation of the issue of Evil, mainly describes Augustine's personal experience and the evolution of the concept of Evil; Second, it elaborates Augustine's view of Evil: he opposed the claim of Good and Evil in Manichean dualism, and claimed that God is the only eternal existence, while others are all come from the Nothingness, all things have different location due to the existence of different grade in the order of Good, on the comparison to the perfection of God or above their things, which revealed the flaws that is Evil which is "the lack of Good".

本文首先论述恶的问题的呈现，主要对奥古斯丁关于恶的个人生存体验以及恶的观念发展进程加以阐述；其次，分析奥古斯丁对恶的看法：他反对摩尼教所主张的善恶二元论，认为上帝是唯一的永恒实存，而其他一切存有都是上帝从虚无中创造出来的，一切存有就其实存而言都是善的，而上帝是全善的，万物由于分有了不同的善而处在不同的存在等级秩序当中，与至善的上帝或高于其上的事物相比所显露出的瑕疵即是恶，是"善的缺乏"。

Because in dualism and polytheism, suffering can be easily explaned as come from demon, so it is not really a problem. Gnosticism, Zoroastrianism and Manicheism all ascribe the sufferings to the devil which formed at the beginning of cosmos.

因为在二元论和多神论中，对苦难的解释几乎不成为问题，苦难是由恶神而来，因此，不管是诺斯替教、琐罗亚斯教，还是摩尼教都将苦难归结于宇宙原初就有的恶端。

I further connect this to McDowell's attacks on the dualism of scheme and content.

我进一步把这个讨论关联到麦克道尔对「概念架构–内容二元论」(scheme-content dualism)的攻击。

The mistake is continuing to think in terms of the old monastic dichotomies.

这个错误是跟着古老的修道院式的二元论想法而来的。

This neutral monism, as it is called, resembles property dualism.

这种中立的一元论，就如它的名字一样，类似于性质二元论。

Dualism and monism are two major schools of thought that attempt to resolve the mind–body problem.

二元论和一元论是两个主要的尝试解决心身问题的思想流派。

In contrast to dualism, monism states that there is only one fundamental substance.

与二元论正相反，一元论宣称只有一种基本物质。

Hence there are no preeminent numbers in logic, and hence there is no possibility of philosophical monism or dualism, etc.

因此在逻辑中没有特殊的数，因此也没有哲学的一元论和二元论的可能性，等等。

As in psychology, Monism is used in various senses to signify, in a general way, the antithesis of dualism.

作为在心理学，一元是用在各种感官意味着，在一个一般的方式，二元论的对立面。

First stage from 1960 to 1980, the Japanese Administrative Law restructured the Law Interpretation had been based on the criticism of the Dualism on Public Law and Private Law.Second stage from l990 to the present, the Japanese Administrative Law have been exploring the communication and the possibility combining with other subject basing upon the rethink of the functional orientation of the administrative law pandect.

日本战后的行政法学大体经历了两个发展阶段，第一个阶段（1960－1980年）是在批判公私法二元论的基础上重构行政法解释学，第二个阶段（1990年至今）是在反思行政法总论功能定位的基础上探索与其它学科的交流与融合。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。