二倍体

The result showed that newwheat species might be prodcued in progeny of unstable amphidiploid, which offeredsignificant pattern for evolution from octaploid wheat to hexaploid wheat and widenedthe train of thought of studying the origin of biological species.

这个结果显示，通过对双二倍体分离后代的有效选择，有可能形成一个新的小麦种，从而为从八倍体小麦向六倍体小麦演化提供了一个新的进化模式，拓宽了研究物种起源的思路。

In the self-bred progenies of autopolyploid,we found that a very few chimaeraexist in the cells of root tips,but most of them had no change in ploidy. We also found13 diploid plants in the experimental plot (ratio is 0.46%) and can be divided into 4categories.

在部分同源多倍体株系的自交结实后代中，随机取样进行根尖染色体检查，结果表明多倍株系体的自交结实后代倍性没有变化，但发现有个别细胞为不同倍性的嵌合体；田间观察到分离出来的极少数正常二倍体，占0.46％，按照形态特征可以分成四个不同的类型。

But the abnormal phenomena in autotetraploid rice were more than that in diploid rice.

同源四倍体水稻胚囊发育过程与二倍体基本一致，但在同源四倍体水稻胚囊的形成和发育过程中出现了较多的异常现象。

Study on the pollen fertility and the process of pollen formation and development in autotetraploid rice showed that the pollen fertility was high (78.33%), though many abnormities appeared in this process.

通过对5个品种的同源四倍体水稻花粉发育过程和13 个品种的花粉育性调查结果表明，同源四倍体花粉平均育性为78.33%，明显比二倍体（91.85%）低。

Monosomic 3, monosomic 5, monosomic 10, trisomic 4 and trisomic 5 as experiment materials, their meiosis behavior of pollen mother cell, pollen characteristics, physiological and biochemical characteristics of anther, section observation of pollen development and the structure of embryo sac were studied, and the effects on the seed set and transmission rate were analyzed.

本文以大白菜同源四倍体小孢子培养产生的且已鉴定为3号单体、5号单体、10号单体、4号初级三体、5号初级三体的非整倍体株系及二倍体株系等为试材，对各材料的结籽率、雄配子传递率进行了统计，并对花粉母细胞减数分裂行为、花粉特性、花粉发育和胚囊结构以及花药生理生化特性等方面进行了观察研究，进而分析了其对大白菜单体n-1雄配子和三体n+1雄配子传递率的影响。

Haploid spores are mostly, but there are a small number of diploid , such as the brown algae and some species of Ectocarpus are still on the sporophyte produces diploid mitosis after the swimming spores, which germinate directly to produce sporophytes.

孢子大多为单倍体，但也有少数为二倍体，如褐藻中的水云等一些种类还在孢子体上经过有丝分裂产生二倍体的游动孢子，它直接萌发产生孢子体。

However, the use of Aegliops tauschii in improvement of wheat yield trait has not been reported. In this study, T.durum-Ae.Squarrosa amphidiploids was crossed with common wheat PH85-16, then backcrossed with PH85-16. The variation characteristic of the main yield traits of BC1F1 and BC1F2 were analyzed. Then, QTLs affecting yield traits were detected by 130 SSR primer pairs of D genome in BC_1F_1 and BC_1F_2.The result showed chromosomes in D genome from Aegliops tauschii affected yield trait of wheat significantly.

本研究以二倍体小麦粗山羊草与四倍体硬粒小麦合成的双二倍体Am6为亲本，与普通小麦PH85-16 进行杂交，再用PH85-16 进行回交，对获得的回交后代进行了主要产量性状调查，利用位于小麦D 基组的SSR 分子标记进行了分子标记分析，对来自粗山羊草与产量性状相关的数量性状位点进行定位，探讨粗山羊草对小麦产量性状的影响。

Most primers amplified same bands in diploids, tetraploids and hexaploids. It suggest that D and AB genomes have high homology and D genomes be successfully transferred from diploid to hexaploid.

从供试的绝大多数引物均能在不同倍性小麦中扩增出相同的条带证明了D染色体组和AB染色体组间存在着很高的同源性以及利用二倍体和四倍体小麦杂交人工合成六倍体小麦的真实性。

Pitardii,all from the Jinshajiang Valley of Yunnan and Sichuan, were cytologically studied in this work. Among 34 populations of C.reticulata studied here, 21 were found to be tetraploids (2n=60), 11 hexaploids (2n = 90), and the remaining two diploids (2n = 30). Tetraploid was reported in C. reticulata for the first time and its karyomophology was studied.

reticulata及其两个近缘种(怒江山茶C.saluenensis和西南山茶C.pitardii)进行了细胞学研究。34个居群的云南山茶花中，21个居群是四倍体类型(2n=60)，11个居群是六倍体类型(2n=90)，另2个居群为二倍体(2n=30)，云南山茶花的四倍体类型为首次发现，并且进行了核形态研究。

In grain-filling stage, the qP values of evolutionary wheats decreased under water stress, while Shan253 and Changwu134 hadn't decreased, indicated that the effect of water stress on the re-oxidation in Q-A of modern wheat was slight, while before this stage, the electron transport from PSⅡto QA restrained by water stress was main factor of photosynthesis non-stomata limitation to modern wheat; The qNP values of hexaploid were higher than diploid and tetraploid wheat, indicated that the ability of using light energy

随小麦由二倍体向四倍体、六倍体及现代小麦进化，表观电子传递速率有增大趋势，其受水分胁迫影响的程度在花前期有加剧趋势，花前期栽培一粒、栽培二粒、普通小麦、陕253和长武134这五种小麦在水分胁迫下表观量子产额的降幅分别为5%、7.47%、14.29%、33.3%和53.49%，光饱和Pn的降幅分别为8.8%、26.14%、23.25%、44.22%和51.29%，光饱和点整体上也是下降的，且这三个指标的降幅随进化程度提高有增大趋势，表明小麦在进化过程中能量转换系统受水分胁迫影响的程度加剧；而在水分胁迫下，小麦的羧化效率和RuBP再生速率也均下降，下降的程

What would he tell Judith and the children?

他将怎样告诉朱迪丝和孩子们呢？

I this is at that time, the opinion with peacockish true girl is full of in a heart.

这就是当时的我，一个心中布满虚荣的女孩子真实的想法。