二倍

Meiotic pachytene bivalents were obtained from porcine testes using prolonged hypotonic treatment combined with high chloroform Carnory's fixative solution. Mitotic metaphase chromosomes were prepared from blood cell culture. Comparative studies on division index and length of pachytene bivalents and mitosis metaphase chromosomes showed that those of the former are 5 times higher and 3.42(1.87～5.98) times longer than the latter, respectively. Chromomere maps of bivalents are more abundant than mitotic metaphase G-bands, while they are correspondent with mitotic early-metaphase G-bands. The result was found by using the chromosome 12 as a sample.

以性成熟公猪睾丸和外周血为材料，采用长低渗、高氯仿卡诺固定液固定和外周血细胞培养制备减数分裂粗线期二价体和有丝分裂中期染色体，通过对二价体和有丝分裂中期染色体分裂指数和长度的比较研究，发现二价体的分裂指数和长度分别是有丝分裂中期染色体的5倍和3.42倍(1.87～5.98)；同时以12号染色体为例，比较了二价体上的染色粒结构带与有丝分裂中期染色体G-带，表明染色粒结构带比中期染色体G-带带纹丰富，而与早中期G-带带纹吻合。

Tibetanum were more abundant, which can be used to broaden the genetic basis of common wheat. Cluster analysis exhibited that wild emmer had a closer consanguine relationship to hexaploid wheat, as compared to Aegilops tauschi. In addition, it was found that there was a closer genetic relationship in chloroplast genome of common wheat and T. petropavlavskyi, which indicated that T. petropavlavskyi probably derived from the backcross between common wheat and Polish wheat.

结果］与普通小麦相比，斯卑尔脱小麦和西藏半野生小麦等群体内的叶绿体遗传变异更丰富，可以作为普通小麦新的细胞质遗传变异来源；与粗山羊草相比，野生二粒小麦与六倍体小麦间存在更近的亲缘关系，这与前人关于二粒小麦是六倍体细胞质供体的研究结果相印证；研究还发现，新疆稻麦与普通小麦在叶绿体基因组上具有很近的亲缘关系，为新疆稻麦是由波兰小麦与普通小麦杂交再由普通小麦回交后产生的假说提供了分子水平上的证据。

Glyphosate brought the biggest vice-effects, clethodim took the second and fenoxaprop-p-ethyake minimum:(1)As to the pure growth, MDA accumulation, the relative permeability of plasma membrane and chlorophyll content, glyphosate had evident influences on them in the daily dosage, 1/2 and 1/4 of the daily dosage . The walnut seedling dried and died twenty days later.(2)The influences of clethodim in different concentration such as double daily dosage, daily dosage and 1/2 of daily dosage on the above four indexes demonstrated differently, the more concentration was, the more severe the influence. was. With the concentration reducing, the influence weakened gradually.(3) Double daily dosage, daily dosage and 1/2 daily dosage of fenoxaprop-p-ethy exerted a slight vice-influence to the MDA accumulation, the relative permeability of plasma membrane and chlorophyll content.

1用草甘膦常用量、1/2倍常用量、1/4倍常用量处理之后，对核桃苗新梢生长量、叶片中丙二醛含量、膜相对透性以及叶片中叶绿素含量的影响最大，几乎所有样枝的新梢在药后20天后都发生干枯及死亡现象；(2)用收乐通2倍常用量、常用量、1/2倍常用量处理之后，对核桃苗的新梢生长量、叶片中丙二醛含量、膜相对透性及叶片中叶绿素含量的影响，呈现出浓度不同影响亦不同的现象，浓度越大，影响越明显，随着浓度的降低，影响也逐渐减弱；(3)用威霸2倍常用量、常用量、1/2倍常用量处理之后，对核桃苗新梢生长量、叶片中丙二醛含量、膜相对透性及叶片中叶绿素含量的影响最小；(4)三种除草剂对核桃苗的影响随着药后时间的延长，其影响在逐渐减小。

The thesis aims at the studies on the synthesis of dihydroagarofuransesquiterpenes and the synthesis of the important intermediates —α-methoxylmethyl butenolide and α-methoxyl-methyl butadienolide in the synthetic approachto Germacranolide sesquiterpenes from α--Santonin.Ⅰ.

本论文以α--山道年为原料，对二氢沉香呋喃倍半萜的合成以及吉马型倍半萜合成中的重要中间体12-甲氧基-7(11)-烯-6，13-内酯及12-甲氧基-5(6)，7(11)-二烯-6，13-内酯的合成进行了研究。

ASES is 59% identical to Artemisia cyclase cDNA clone cASC125, 50% identical to epi-cedrol synthase from A. annua, 48% identical to amorpha-4, 11-diene synthase from A. Annua, 39% identical to the 5-epi-aristolechene synthase from tabacco, 38% identical to vetispiradiene synthase from H. Muticus, 41% identical to the δ-cadinene synthase from cotton. The coding region of cDNA was cloned into procaryotic expression vector pET30a and overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The cyclase proteins extracted from bacterial culture were found largely in the insoluble protein fraction. The tissue specific expression patterns were analyzed by RT/PCR.

克隆的倍半萜合酶氨基酸序列与烟草马兜铃烯合酶、莨菪岩兰螺旋二烯合酶、棉花杜松烯合酶的一致性分别为39％，38％和41％；与青蒿柏木脑合酶、紫穗槐二烯合酶和一个推测的倍半萜合酶克隆cASC125的一致性为50％，48％和59％。cDNA编码区序列被克隆进原核表达载体pET-30a，并在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中诱导表达，但过量表达的蛋白主要是以不溶性蛋白形式存在。

In the prepared process, 1,8- dihydric anthraquinone and 2,3,5,4-tetrahydroxystilbene-2- O-3 -D-glucoside were chosen as detected targets, the quality of 4 prepared method, high pressure steamed method, prepared method with beans, prepared method with ginger, prepared method with yellow wine, was compared.

以1，8-二羟基蒽醌和二苯乙烯甙作为检测指标，对黑豆炮制法、姜制法、酒制法和高压清蒸法四种方法进行比较，发现高压清蒸法得到的产品中游离态蒽醌和二苯乙烯甙含量最高，分别是其它三种炮制品的1.78～1.84倍和1.06～1.61倍。

Furthermore, influences of different phosphate salts at various concentrations on the ionization efficiency of phosphopeptide were investigated systematically, finding that the signal intensity for phosphopeptide 48FQEEQQQTEDELQDK63 digested from β-casein were 5 to 8 times increased in an optimized condition with 10 mmol/L ammonium monobasic phosphate or 3 to 4 times increased with 10 mmol/L ammonium dibasic phosphate as additive to matrix 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, respectively.

考察了两种适合于磷酸化肽离子化的基质类型2，5-二羟基苯甲酸和2，4，6-三羟基苯乙酮。用2，5-二羟基苯甲酸作为基质时，当加入10 mM 磷酸氢二铵时，磷酸化蛋白质β-casein的磷酸肽 48FQEEQQQTEDELQDK63的离子化效率可以增强5-8倍，当加入10 mM磷酸二氢胺时，磷酸肽的离子化效率可以增强3-4倍。

This problem is also important and valuable in Nonlinear Optics. It will be very helpful to understand how the aberrations affect the course of three- wave mixing, such as the change of conversion efficiency, the distribution of intensity and phase.Small signal solution of aberrated second harmonic generation is deduced from three-dimension three wave coupling functions. The numerical work gives out lot of results of different aberrations. The effects of the fundamental waves aberrations, which will change the conversion efficiency, distribution of intensity and phase in the frequency conversion, is analyzed. It shows that when walk-off and diffraction effects could be ignored approximately estimation of the phase distribution of second-harmonic wave could be done. The far field divergent angle and second moment radius of harmonic wave will vary with the aberration of fundamental wave, but the far field divergent angle will be obviously smaller than that of fundamental wave. The phase distribution of both fundamental and harmonic wave is measured using Hartmann-Shack wave front sensor in the experiment with 1064nm and 790nm lasers, respectively. Results are given.

首次从三维三波相互作用方程组推导得到了位相畸变光束倍频的小信号解；通过建立国防科学技术人学研究生院学位论文三维数值模型，编写相应仿真程序，首次得到了位相畸变光束倍频过程的大量计算结果，深入细致地研究了位相畸变光束经非线性光学频率变换后谐波的转换效率、光强分布、位相分布以及影响它们的各种因素；得出谐波的远场发散角和光斑二阶矩的变化规律会因为基波像差的不同而不同，但谐波的远场发散角明显地比相应基波的小的结论；得到了在走离效应和衍射效应等影响许多因素可以忽略的情况下，位相畸变传递到二次谐波的估算式；举例分析了KDP三倍频方案中，基波位相畸变对二次谐波和三次谐波的影响；实验工作中，用哈特曼一夏克传感器分别对IO64nm倍频过程和790飞秒超短脉冲倍频过程中的基波和谐波的位相分布进行了测量，给出了相应结果。

Small signal solution of aberrated second harmonic generation is deduced from three-dimension three wave coupling functions. The numerical work gives out lot of results of different aberrations. The effects of the fundamental wave's aberrations, which will change the conversion efficiency, distribution of intensity and phase in the frequency conversion, is analyzed. It shows that when walk-off and diffraction effects could be ignored approximately estimation of the phase distribution of second-harmonic wave could be done. The far field divergent angle and second moment radius of harmonic wave will vary with the aberration of fundamental wave, but the far field divergent angle will be obviously smaller than that of fundamental wave. The phase distribution of both fundamental and harmonic wave is measured using Hartmann-Shack wave front sensor in the experiment with 1064nm and 790nm lasers, respectively. Results are given.

首次从三维三波相互作用方程组推导得到了位相畸变光束倍频的小信号解；通过建立三维数值模型，编写相应仿真程序，首次得到了位相畸变光束倍频过程的大量计算结果，深入细致地研究了位相畸变光束经非线性光学频率变换后谐波的转换效率、光强分布、位相分布以及影响它们的各种因素；得出谐波的远场发散角和光斑二阶矩的变化规律会因为基波像差的不同而不同，但谐波的远场发散角明显地比相应基波的小的结论；得到了在走离效应和衍射效应等影响许多因素可以忽略的情况下，位相畸变传递到二次谐波的估算式；举例分析了KDP三倍频方案中，基波位相畸变对二次谐波和三次谐波的影响；实验工作中，用哈特曼-夏克传感器分别对1064nm倍频过程和790飞秒超短脉冲倍频过程中的基波和谐波的位相分布进行了测量，给出了相应结果。

In meiosis of pollen mother cells of the tetraploids and the hexaploids, only bivalents were observed in most of the populations, although in several populations or individuals a few univalents or tetravalents appeared. In the hexaploids, hexavalents were not observed.

四倍体和六倍体的花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体构型在大多数居群都为二价体(四倍体中30个二价体，六倍体中45个二价体)，少数居群或是个体除二价体为主外还出现单价体和四价体，六倍体类型没有出现六价体构型。

The basic concept of FOP can be summarized as to further optimize effective prescription according to the standard of curative effects and with the aid of modern science and technology and theories of traditional Chinese medicine.

其基本内涵可概括为：以确有疗效的中药复方为研究对象，以现代科学技术和传统中医药理论为技术支持，以该复方所治病证的药效响应为评价标准，以优化重组疗效更优的新复方为研究目的。

Ever since our world has been a world, native forests have been indiscriminately exploited by man.

自从我们的世界一直是世界原生森林被任意剥削人。