事故分析

To avoid the collision accidents of ships at sea, with the universalizing and application of computer, and the development and maturity of the technology of Expert System and Artificial Intelligent, this paper developed an intelligent collision avoidance expert system for navigation. The main research work centers on several aspects, which will be represented as below:By the navigation rules" understanding and analyzing, and by the navigation experience and navigation samples" collecting and trimming, we put forth and build a multi-unit and layering KB systematic structure, and implement the KBM. According to features of different knowledge, we adopt multifarious KR, such as: frame KR, production rule KR, procedure KR. We also build a multi-inference system, which based on analog inference, forward illation inference, conversion inference and meta-rule inference. At the same time, we develop each reasoning algorithm. For some problems in collision avoidance region during the building of the expert system, we put forth and build a set of models to solve them using neural network technology.

为了避免船舶间碰撞事故的发生，结合计算机技术在各类船舶中的普及与应用、专家系统技术及人工智能技术的发展、成熟，本文研制、开发了一种具有一定智能的航海避碰专家系统，主要内容包括以下几个方面：通过对航海规则的理解与分析，对航海经验、航海实例的搜集、整理，提出并建立起了航海避碰专家系统的多元分层知识库体系结构，并实现了知识库的管理；根据不同知识的特点，分别采用了框架、产生式规则、过程等多种知识表示方法；提出了一种基于类比推理、正向演绎推理、换位推理及元级推理等的多种推理机制，并建立起了相应的推理算法；引入神经网络技术，针对在建立专家系统过程中所遇到的有关避碰领域内的一些难题，提出并建立了相应解决问题的模型，其中包括：船舶类型的识别，会遇态势的分类及避碰危险的评估。

The assembly of journal and plain bearing liner space is too little, force of organic still oil pressure is small it is the crucial index that affects lubricant result, make lubricate because of lacking engine oil between crankshaft and plain bearing liner and bite dead invalidation, include to be pulled badly, lack lube, layer of alloy of dry attrition generation is fused, grind sliding surface to did not maintain the oily film of certain ply, and all sorts of local overload exhaustion are destroyed, cavitation erosion and V form are destroyed etc, through technology of him director diesel locomotive old experience reachs the analysis of pair of its breakdown reasons, put forward precautionary measures especially. As a result of,the burns caustic mechanism plain bearing liner to burn caustic mechanism of 1 plain bearing liner is the lube film burst between journal and plain bearing liner, cause plain bearing liner and crankshaft generation clash, below high temperature, high pressure and high rotate speed, the wear-resisting alloy layer of plain bearing liner wears away prematurely or fuse, cause plain bearing liner and crankshaft to stick thereby bite, can make the steel back of plain bearing liner and Kong Zhong produces whirligig, inlet port is jammed, carry on the back by steel again with the friction of aperture causes high temperature to make plain bearing liner burned-out further, can cause bolt to break off, happen swing a malign accident that pounds cylinder body of bad internal-combustion engine.

轴颈和轴瓦的装配间隙太小，还有机油压力低是影响润滑效果的关键指标，使得曲轴和轴瓦之间因缺少机油润滑而咬死失效，包括严重拉伤，缺少润滑油，干摩擦产生合金层熔化，磨滑面没有保持一定厚度的油膜，以及各种局部过载疲惫破坏，气蚀和V形破坏等，通过本人主管内燃机车技术多年经验及对其故障原因的分析，特提出预防办法。1轴瓦的烧损机理轴瓦烧损的机理是由于轴颈和轴瓦之间的润滑油膜破裂，导致轴瓦和曲轴产生摩擦，在高温、高压和高转速下，轴瓦的耐磨合金层过早地磨损或熔化，从而引起轴瓦和曲轴粘咬，会使轴瓦的钢背和座孔中产生旋转运动，进油孔被堵塞，再由钢背和座孔的磨擦进一步引起高温使轴瓦烧坏，并会造成螺栓折断，发生甩出捣坏内燃机缸体的恶性事故。

Chapter 3 further studies on the visual science about the theoretical foundation and measuring method of optical biological effect.

通过对反应时间与交通事故的相关性分析，在夜间驾驶过程中，反应时间对保障道路照明安全有重要的实际意义。

Taking burning and blasting of oil depot as top event and considering 45 basic events, a relatively integrated fault tree is established. Through analysis, 10 minimum path sets are obtained and corresponding importance degrees are calculated. The main hidden troubles are found and measures improving reliability of depot run are provided.

以油库的燃烧爆炸为顶端事件，考虑了45个基本事件，建立了一个比较完整的事故树，通过分析得到10个最小径集，并计算出了各自的重要度，找出了油库安全的主要隐患，提出了改进措施，提高了油库运行的可靠性。

The analysis of the cause of the accident as shown in articles 6, the main reasons are: 1, the valve of the bottle cap and friction, 2, transport was not stood upright.

该事故的原因分析如条款6所示，主要原因为：1、瓶帽与阀门的摩擦；2、运输时没有直立放置。

Based on the braking questions of tape conveyer,this paper solved the problems about safe braking and power cut braking .

基于矿用带式输送机制动系统存在的制动安全问题，解决了下运带式输送机的平稳制动和事故停电制动的技术关键问题，并对液压系统进行设计，对带式输送机制动系统进行了分析研究。

Methods The data of accidents from 1963 to 2002 were collected and analyzed by circular distribution and chi-square test.

收集196 3～2 0 0 2年间某铁路局管内道口事故记录的数据，应用圆形分布等统计分析方法。

The analysis of the residual life of thermo-mechanical fatigue of coke tower plays important roles in improving security and avoiding accidents.

焦炭塔热机械疲劳剩余寿命的分析对于保证焦炭塔的正常运行、防止事故的发生有着十分重要的意义。

According to the present using condition, many of the Coke Towers are in the state of over -service .so in order to improve economic benefits and prevent accident occurring, it is of very vital for Coke Tower to be carried through safety estimation and lifespan analysis.

而从目前的使用状况来看，多数焦炭塔已处于超期服役状态，因此为提高经济效益，防止事故发生，对焦炭塔进行安全分析和寿命评估是十分重要的。

Area of column of distributinging rule, coal forms the stress that combines coal post lower part the incidence of tall stress area and stoping model accident, the analysis pounds mine to press the course that produce and intensity, take different precaution and processing step in time, obtained very good result, get admissive in practice.

结合煤柱下方的应力分布规律、煤柱区域形成高应力区的影响范围和回采典型事故，分析冲击矿压发生的过程和强度，及时采取不同的预防和治理办法，取得了很好的效果，在实践中得到认可。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。