乡村

The author conductsa systematic and theoretical study on some issues warranting proper attention andsolution in the cultural construction in China's cities of large,medium and smallsizes and rural areas,in terms of readjustment of the cultural ecological system,building of culture of"intermediate gravity",and the transforming of rural culturetowards urba...

本文论述我国人口城市化过程中城乡文化所发生的变化，分别从文化生态系统的调适，&中间引力&文化的创建，以及乡村文化模式向城市文化模式转变这几个方面，对我国大、中、小城市以及乡村文化建设中应该注重和解决的问题，进行了系统的理论阐述，并提出一些新的见解。

The author conductsa systematic and theoretical study on some issues warranting proper attention andsolution in the cultural construction in China's cities of large,medium and smallsizes and rural areas,in terms of readjustment of the cultural ecological system,building of culture of"intermediate gravity",and the transforming of rural culturetowards urban c...

本文论述我国人口城市化过程中城乡文化所发生的变化，分别从文化生态系统的调适，&中间引力&文化的创建，以及乡村文化模式向城市文化模式转变这几个方面，对我国大、中、小城市以及乡村文化建设中应该注重和解决的问题，进行了系统的理论阐述，并提出一些新的见解。

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为&知识—文化&传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

Some he knew personally. Others belonged to clubs he was a member of, including the Palm Beach Country Club in Florida and Glen Oaks Country Club in New York.

有些投资商是他的私交，还有一些属于他会员资格所在的俱乐部，例如，佛罗里达州的棕榈滩乡村俱乐部和纽约州的格伦橡树乡村俱乐部。

Country-style sausage; country music.

乡村风味的腊肠；乡村音乐。

This paper agues from experience rural tourism projects which are the direct carriers of rural tourism ,and raises the discussion of general development mode of rural tourism .

从乡村旅游的直接载体——乡村体验性旅游项目进行讨论，并探讨其一般性开发模式。

Our selection of country wallpaper borders includes an entire range of farm animals, birdhouses, floral designs, cottages and country homes, cows, tractors and tea pots.

我们的乡村墙纸边界包括了整个系列的农场动物、鸟巢、花卉设计、农舍和乡村小屋，牛，拖拉机和茶壶。

Thus, the average country music listener -- who, according to extensive market research, is almost always white; slightly more likely to be female than male; more often than not②married with kids; generally of moderate means; and disproportionately③a resident of the suburbs, exurbs or countryside of a Republican state -- was getting a steady hour or so a day of family, country and God, seasoned④with plenty of nostalgia, as the 2004 presidential campaign unfolded.

这样一来，当2004年美国大选开始的时候，一个普通乡村音乐听众每天都要听上个把小时有关家庭、国家、上帝的歌曲，歌中有大量的怀旧情绪作为佐料。根据广泛的市场研究，这些听众几乎总是白人，女性比男性可能稍多一点，常常是有孩子的已婚女性，一般是中等收入，而且往往是在共和党州的市郊、远郊或乡村的居民，他们的人口数量超出你想象的比例。

"Ding County Model" and "New Farm Model" were two flags of rural education in Chinese and foreign educational history. Both of them were two great flagmen.

&定县模式&与&新庄模式&是中外教育史上乡村教育的两面旗帜，晏阳初和裴斯泰洛齐就是乡村教育运动中伟大的旗手。

These fodders were my primary colorful memory of the country's ground and occupied most memory of mine for the country.

这些草，是我关于乡村土地最初的彩喷，占据了我关于乡村记忆的最大的内存。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。