习惯法的

In china, it is limited for the function of positive law and judicature, and most disputes are solved by various inherent rules of communities, especially customary law.

在我国特定的社会历史条件下，制定法规范以及司法资源的有限性，社会中的大量纠纷是由包括习惯法内的各种自发规则来解决的。

Traditional views of international law maintain the essentially bilateralist view set forth in the late Eighteenth Century by de Vattel's Le Droit des Gens ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle: states, as sovereigns, are bound and limited in their actions only by those rules to which they themselves have agreed to be bound and limited (explicitly in the case of treaties, explicitly or implicitly with regard to customary law).

国际法的传统观点是十八世纪末瓦特尔在《万国法（Le Droit des Gens ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle）》中的观点，其本质是双边主义，即主权国家的行动只受那些它们已同意的规则、规章、制度等的约束与限制（形式上表现为条约和习惯法）。

Traditional views of international law maintain维持,负担,支持,断言,坚持,主张 the essentially bilateralist view set forth in the late Eighteenth Century by de Vattel's Le Droit des Gens ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle: states, as sovereigns, are bound and limited in their actions only by those rules to which they themselves have agreed to be bound and limited (explicitly in the case of treaties, explicitly or implicitly with regard to customary law).

国际法的传统观点坚持十八世纪末瓦特尔在《万国法（Le Droit des Gens ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle）》中的观点，其本质是双边主义，即主权国家的行动只受那些它们已同意的规则、规章、制度等的约束与限制（形式上表现为条约和习惯法）。

However, on one hand, most of the custom laws is institutionally based on the main ideology of the society and takes the official laws to maintain its own existence.

然而，大多数习惯法一方面以社会的主流意识形态作为其规范的基础，另一方面也借助官方的司法系统来维系自身的存在。

More powerful opposition has come from political Islam, which seeks to replace the authority of the jirga with the mullah, customary law with Islamic sharia.

更强而有力的敌对则来自政治化的伊斯兰教，他们寻求的是用&毛拉&取代支尔格的权威，用伊斯兰教法取代那些习惯法。

The provision for the widow was attributable to the exertions of the Church, which never relaxed its solicitude for the interest of wives surviving their husbands —— winning, perhaps, one of the most arduous of its triumphs when, after exacting for two or three centuries an express promise from the husband at marriage to endow his wife, it at length succeeded in engrafting the principle of Dower on the Customary Law of all Western Europe.

关于寡妇的规定，应该归功于教会的努力，它始终不懈地关怀着丈夫死后妻子的利益，——经过二三世纪的坚决要求之后，才获得了所有的胜利中也许是最难得的一个胜利，就是丈夫在结婚时就明白保证赡养其妻，最后并把&扶养寡妇财产&的原则列入了全西欧的&习惯法&中。

In china, the problem becomes knottier because our modern legal system is mainly based on transplant of western legal model, which leads to the break-off between modern and tradition, deepening the crisis of belief.

由于它从诞生之日起，就与宗教有着千丝万缕的联系，在其发展过程中形成了宗教与法律的紧密结合，藏民往往把秩序当成自身内在的东西，因此遵守习惯法规范成为每个人的神圣职责。

This dissertation points out, the leading theories concerning formation of the Common Law in the fields of our foreign legal history unduly emphasize source relations between the Common Law and Germanic unwritten law and effects circuit justice make during the times of formation of the Common Law, discussing the problem about formation of the Common Law should be established in the theories on royal jurisdiction and be made around judicial activities of royal courts, especially three center courts.

本文认为，我国外国法制史学界居于主流地位的普通法形成学说过于突出普通法与日耳曼习惯法之间的渊源关系以及巡回审判在普通法形成中所起的作用，对于普通法形成问题的探讨应当立足于国王司法管辖权理论、围绕王室法院尤其是三大普通法法院的司法活动来进行。

Interaction between Traditional Common Law of Minorities in Wu Jiang Valley and National Law;2. The Naxi people s common law on environmental protection has existed for thousands of years,which has been passed down from generation to generation through Dongba script,tales,proverbs,mottos and epitaphs.

纳西族东巴教的传统哲学把人与自然的关系看成是一种兄弟关系，追求人与自然的和谐，其环境保护习惯法已有数千年的历史，它通过东巴经、神话传说、谚语、格言、碑文等世代相传，内容极其丰富。

Hong Kong's advantage is its clean government, predictable and commonlaw?based legal environment, and international orientation.

香港的优势在于它有廉洁的政府，有可预测的以习惯法为基础的法制环境，整个城市以国际社会为导向。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。