乘法的

We can use software to do most calculation but not use hardware. The most basic circuit doing calculation in the computer is binary adder. For example, we can use of addition to do subtracting, continuous adding to do multiplication, and continuous subtracting to do division.

在电脑的世界里，可以做任何数字系统且复杂的演算，但是大多数的演算都藉由软体来解决，而非用硬体直接进行各种演算，电脑的硬体或其他数位电路在做算术运算时，最基本的电路往往只有二进位加法器而已，至於减法可藉由补数的加法解决，乘法等於连续的加法，除法则是连续的减法，可见加法器在运算数位系统中的重要性。

This paper researches linear maps preserving orthogonality,obtains the linear maps preserving othrogonality,it is either a rank -declining or rank -keeping map or a map with nilpotent element in its codomain.

利用分块成向量的方法证明了MnMn(F为域F上所有n×n矩阵构成的乘法半群上的n×n拟正交矩阵组至多含有n个矩阵，利用方程组的解的理论证明了Mn中与给定矩阵A构成两两拟正交矩阵组的矩阵个数不超过n-Rank+1，从而得到Mn上保持拟正交性的线性映射φ要么是降秩的或者保秩的映射，要么φ的值域中含有幂零元。

Moreover in carrier phase difference localization application, this paper introduces the basic principles of both the integer least square method and the LAMBDA method for resolving the integer ambiguity solution. Through a short baseline example and compared with the unlimited least square method, the results show that, LAMBDA method considers the ambiguity's integer characteristic and also decorrelates ambiguity's covariance, so it meliorates the covariance field of ambiguity, avoid the covariance's discontinuity.

另外在载波相位差分定位的应用中则详细讨论研究了整周模糊度解算中的基于整数最小二乘法及其降相关平差方法解算原理，通过一个短基线的实例计算分析其定位效果表明：较于未加限制的最小二乘搜索算法，LAMBDA方法能使相应的定位精度明显提高，具有较高的应用价值。

These selected variables were used in the determination of total volatile alkaloids and total nitrogen in tobaccos by partial least squares method.

偏最小二乘法[3]和主成分回归[4]是NIR技术中常用的两种化学计量学方法，曾被认为对噪音信号不敏感，在对庞大的数据矩阵进行处理时不需要变量筛选，但大量的研究工作表明，有效的变量筛选可以改善模型的预测能力和减少模型的复杂程度[5～8]。

Used the finite element method computation pipe network resistance thus obtains the ballast water system the line pressure distributed situation. The paper also has carried on the computation to the ballast tank hydraulic loss and has provided the theory basis to the ballast pump optimized design. The overpressure to the ballast tank has been carried on the discussion. The paper also gets the function between the rated flow and the rated pressure of the pump on ships whose BW pipe net is uniform and line is different, which provides a new method for the selection of BW pump.

文章重点讨论了船舶压载水系统的水力计算，使用有限元法计算管网阻力从而得到压载水系统的管路压力分布情况；文章还对压载舱的水力损失进行计算，对压载水泵的优化设计提供了理论依据；文章还对压载水舱过压问题进行讨论；文章对压载水系统相同而航线不同的船舶，利用最小二乘法得到其压载水泵额定流量和额定压头之间的函数关系，为压载水泵的设计和选型提供了新的方法。

After the result of cohesion-friction model is compared with Coulomb Criterion, it is found that when the results of shearing strength are many and adjacent the strength parameters can not be regressed by least square method, instead the results should be divided into some beelines at that time according to the cohesion-friction model.(4) Discuss the characters of hard structural plane and weak structural plane: The adhesive friction theory is applied to research the changing course of shear area of hard structural plane and its influence on shear stress.

3介绍了岩石强度理论中的粘接摩擦模型，运用此模型分析依附型滑动面的演化过程，并将其推广到边坡岩土体抗剪强度的选取，讨论了不同法向应力下峰值强度和残余强度随法向应力的变化规律，在此基础上给出抗剪强度的选取模式，讨论了对实际取值结果的影响，并与传统的Coulomb准则进行了比较分析，指出直剪试验的法向应力在小应力区的点较多且抗剪强度结果差异不大时，不宜直接运用最小二乘法回归抗剪强度参数，此时应结合粘接摩擦模型对结果进行线性分段。

Introduce the cohesion-friction model of rock strength theory, and extend the model to select the strength of sliding plane, discuss the variation rules of peak strength and residual strength under different normal stress, and then present the selection model of shearing strength. After the result of cohesion-friction model is compared with Coulomb Criterion, it is found that when the results of shearing strength are many and adjacent the strength parameters can not be regressed by least square method, instead the results should be divided into some beelines at that time according to the cohesion-friction model.(4) Discuss the characters of hard structural plane and weak structural plane: The adhesive friction theory is applied to research the changing course of shear area of hard structural plane and its influence on shear stress.

3介绍了岩石强度理论中的粘接摩擦模型，运用此模型分析依附型滑动面的演化过程，并将其推广到边坡岩土体抗剪强度的选取，讨论了不同法向应力下峰值强度和残余强度随法向应力的变化规律，在此基础上给出抗剪强度的选取模式，讨论了对实际取值结果的影响，并与传统的Coulomb准则进行了比较分析，指出直剪试验的法向应力在小应力区的点较多且抗剪强度结果差异不大时，不宜直接运用最小二乘法回归抗剪强度参数，此时应结合粘接摩擦模型对结果进行线性分段。

With minimizing the move distance as the optimization objective, the circular curve radius and circle center coordinate were then optimized, the transition curve length, the move distance of each measured points, the mileages and the coordinates of the feature points and so on were further computed.

首先利用坐标法计算各测点的坐标，再计算正矢，然后根据正矢的变化规律选定圆曲线上的测点，用最小二乘法拟合出既有线圆曲线的半径和圆心坐标，并以拨正量最小为优化目标，优化圆曲线半径及圆心，进而计算出缓和曲线的长度、各测点的拨正量、特征点的里程和坐标等。

Then the waveband was divided into two parts to develop calibration model using partial least square method for soluble solids content to remove the effect of the skin and the results indicated that the measurement results was not be enhanced. However, the difference of calibration results in the wavelength of 650-950nm with the r of 0.949, the RMSEC of 0.292 for intact watermelon and with the r of 0.973 and the RMSEC of 0.214 for skin-peeled watermelon indicated that the influence of skin is not very serious and the intact watermelon spectra also can get satisfied calibration result. 5. Vis/NIR spectroscopy nondestructive detection needs high-energy light source, so differences of diffuse transmittance spectra with different light intensity (600W, 1000W) were detected and effects of light intensity on spectra and calibration results were compared.

针对西瓜果皮较厚的特点，对去皮西瓜与带皮西瓜进行对比试验研究，发现果皮对光谱的影响主要集中在可见光部分(650-750nm)，对可溶性固形物含量采用偏最小二乘法进行分段建模并没有有效消除果皮的影响，对比研究去皮西瓜与完整西瓜光谱在650-950nm范围内的建模结果，完整西瓜二阶微分光谱校正模型相关系数r为0.949，RMSEC为0.292，去皮西瓜校正模型相关系数r为0.973，RMSEC为0.214，果皮对建模结果的影响并不严重，完整西瓜的建模结果可以满足检测要求； 5。

On the basis of analyzing the theory of the modeling of the propeller surface, this paper transforms the section data given by design to the data in Descartes coordinates. Interpolates the section data to get enough data and fits the blade surface with the least square method. A perfect C2 blade surface can be obtained by adjusting the deviation weight and fairing weight. According to the cylinder rough, two rough cut methods are preferred.

本论文在深入分析螺旋桨曲面成型原理的基础上，将设计时给定的桨叶曲面的切面数据转化为笛卡尔坐标系中的坐标，利用B样条方法对截面数据点插值并加密，得到足够的数据点，进而利用最小二乘法拟合出桨叶曲面，通过调整偏离权和光顺权得到了理想的二阶连续的桨叶曲面。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。