乔木的

Investigation was carried on tweenty-four sample stands of four districts in Nanning City, including (1) college area: the Subtropical Conservative Rainforest, the omni-tree Woods, the Pinus massoniana Woods in Guangxi Ethnic College, the TaoLi Garden, the Centre Garden, the Nurture Garden, the sod Garden, the Eucalptus woods, the Osmanthus fragrans Woods and the Livistona chinensis green Belt in Guangxi University;(2) residence: the Swiss Villa"s two greening sample standsand the Wenhua Villa"s three greening sample stands;(3) commercial streets: theXingming Road ,whose prime street tree is Dracontomelon duperreanum , the Yuanhu Road, whose prime street tree is Saraca chinensis Merr.et Chum, the Xingzhu Road, whose prime street tree is Artocarpus nitidus Tree, subsp.

住宅区：文华园的3个样地和瑞士花园的2个样地。主要交通干道：大学路的3个样地和民族大道的2个样地。商业区：以人面子为主要街道树的新民路，以红桂木为主要行道树的新竹路，以中国无忧花为主要行道树的圆湖路。调查结果表明：在南宁市四个功能区的24个绿化样地，主要的绿化乔木有 45种，前 10种依次是：人面子、假摈梆、垂叶榕、桂花、扁桃、蒲葵、阴香、马尾松、芒果和中国无忧花，主要的绿化灌木有24种，前8种依次是九里香、尖叶木犀揽、黄叶假连翘、扶桑、花叶朱蕉、紫蒲、短穗鱼尾葵和大花美人蕉，这些植物基本上代表了本市绿化植物的主体。

On the basis of the results obtained in the present study, the opinion on bamboo evolution were proposed:(1) Bamboos are monophyletic group,(2) Unicaespitose bamboo are not the original bamboo group,(3) Bamboos of genus Arundinaria are multiphyletic group, and (4) Bamboos of genus Phyllostachys are multiphyletic group.

同时对竹类植物分类系统提出新的看法：(1)在目前生殖体特征仍不完全的情况下，以地下茎为基础建立竹子分类系统或对现有分类系统进行修订是合理的，需要对地下茎进行更为详尽的研究并辅以地上秆的高度等方面的信息；(2)青篱竹属复合群中的现有划分方法可依据分子进化研究的结果作适当调整，如可依据MOC1分析的结果划分为低矮灌木、较高灌木和乔木3种类型。

According to the life form of species and their roles in communities, 6 species groups are used to do ordination analysis and environmental interpretation. The result suggests that:①Despite the strong man-made disturbance at lower altitude sites, the number and character of evergreen species show an change along the altitude gradient.②The rare and endangered species concentrated at two sectors along altitude gradient, corresponding to the upper and lower borders of the mountain mixed forest belt of evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved species.③The pioneer tree species concentrated on the middle and upper positions at lower elevation.④The deciduous accompany tree species show a great diversity on middle and lower position at middle and higher elevation.⑤Coniferous species differentiate along elevation and local topographical gradient.⑥Deciduous species in Quercus, Castanea, Fagus, Carpinus genus as well as coniferous species play primary community-constructing roles at different topographical position at Dalaoling region.

根据物种生活型及其在植物群落中的地位，分6个种组进行排序和环境解释，表明：①尽管低海拔地段受到强烈人为干扰，常绿种类仍显示了数量和性质沿海拔梯度的变化；②珍稀物种在海拔梯度上形成两个相对集中的区段，大致对应于山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林带的上下边缘；③先锋树种在中低海拔的中上坡位富集；④在中、高海拔的中低坡位，落叶的乔木伴生种显示了极大的多样性；⑤为数不多的针叶树种在海拔和局部地形梯度上也有明确分异；⑥它们和落叶的栎、栗、水青冈、鹅耳枥属物种在大老岭地区不同地形部位的植被中起着主要的建群作用。

Three, broad market prospects: first, Photinia fraseri in the use of color can be used for shrubs, spherical shape, can also be used as small trees, and in the use of one-upmanship; Second, through the winter can also be pruned to ensure that their color bright red, made up for the lack of winter less than the red line of trees, and the hi-yang-resistant semi-shade, with high light adaptability, strong or weak; Third, the wide range of applications, and strong adaptability, excellent viewing, making the market capacity Photinia fraseri great Photinia fraseri Application of ecological diversity will add an excellent landscape tree species.

三、广阔的市场前景：其一红叶石楠在用途上可作灌木色块、球状造型，也可作为小乔木用，在用途上胜人一筹；其二，通过修剪冬天也可保证其叶色红色亮丽，弥补了冬天缺少红色系列树木的不足，且其喜阳耐半荫，具有较高的光线强弱适应性；其三，广泛的应用性，强大的适应性，优秀的观赏性，使红叶石楠的市场容量极大，红叶石楠的应用将给多样性的生态园林添上一个优秀的树木品种。

By analyzing soil quality of 4 kinds of land use types in Kalamay agriculture development area according to principal component analysis, we draw the conclusions: nature shrub tree land is affected little by mankind, a great deal of organic matter return to soil every year, and root system can improve soil physical quality, can absorb salt from soil, so the soil quality of nature shrub tree land is the best; the soil quality of farmland is better than the soil quality of manpower Tamarix Bulrush land, which may be reasoned that man make for soil quality by irrigation to exclude salt and fertilizing organic muck in the earlier oasis digging up period. Soil physical qualities of tree land get harden and worsen for flooding irrigation, furthermore climate in Kalamay is dry and rainless , the other irrigation is very long time after the former one, so soil get harden severity and result soil physical quality get worse and worse.

利用主成分分析法分析新疆克拉玛依农业开发区四种土地利用方式下的土壤质量，得出：天然灌木林地，受人为影响较小，每年有大量有机物质返还土壤，且天然灌木的根系可以很好的改良土壤的物理性质，同时所选天然灌木林灌木多是耐盐碱并且本身又具有吸收积累来自土壤的盐分，土壤质量最好；农田受到的人为影响最大，但农田综合得分却好于人工柽柳芦苇地综合得分，这可能是由于在开垦初期的绿洲农田，受到了人们灌水压盐及增施各种有机无机肥料等有利于土壤质量提高的措施所致；乔木林地，由于人们用大水漫灌的方式灌溉，致使林地土壤变得板结，土壤物理性质下降，加上克拉玛依地区气候干燥少雨，一次灌溉后较长时间后才有下一次灌溉，致使土壤理化性质恶化，土壤质量不高。

These pollen maps show significant vegetation changes during the past 10 000 years in the current forest regions of Northeast China, with the early Holocene characterized by the widely distributed Birch, the mid-Holocene by the development of temperate deciduous forest mainly consisting of Quercus and Ulmus, and the late Holocene by the marked increase in Pinus abun dance and the development of temperate mixed conifer and deciduous forest.

花粉图展示了东北地区植被演化的主要特征。桦树在全新世初期遍布从三江平原到辽东半岛南端的东北东部地区，在森林中占据绝对优势地位；榆属和栎属等阔叶乔木在早中全新世的大部分时间内是东部森林中的主要种类；在大约5kaBP以后，松属在东北现在的森林地区开始增加，云、冷杉属也表现出较明显扩大，中北部地区的森林覆盖度可能比原来增大了。

In the mild breezes of the west and of the east the lofty trees wave in different directions their firstclass foliage, the wafty sycamore, the Lebanonian cedar, the exalted planetree, the eugenic eucalyptus and other ornaments of the arboreal world with which that region is thoroughly well supplied.

在微微的西风和东风中，高耸的树朝四面八方摇摆着它们那优美的茂叶，飘香的埃及榕、黎巴嫩杉、冲天的法国梧桐、良种按树以及郁郁葱葱遍布这一地区的其他乔木界瑰宝。

Communities at different elevation could be ordinated not only by using important values of all plant species, but also by that of trees and shrubs.

对长白山北坡的植物群落来说，不仅用所有植物种的重要值对群落的排序可以得到较好的结果，而且仅以乔木种、灌木种或草本植物种的重要值为数量指标，对群落进行排序也能得到较好的效果。

The steppe landscape is dominant but not apparent in its patch and area, and the percentage of the original vegetation of Stipa bungeana steppe is very low in the study area, which is apparently characterized by human disturbance. The diversity and evenness of patches in the study area are higher than those of the steppe landscape area, and the fragmentation and the isolation of the steppe are the highest. The landscape shapes of artificial arbor woods and cultivated lands are the simplest, and the landscape shapes of classical steppe and artificial shrub are in an instable stage.

结果表明：(1)草原景观在其斑块数和面积上虽然仍居首要地位，但其优势并不十分明显，而且该区原生植被本氏针茅草原只占很小的比重，呈现出非常明显的人类干扰特征；(2)研究区斑块的多样性程度和均匀度较高，而面积的多样性程度和均匀度较低，同时，典型草原的景观破碎度最大，景观分离度也最大；(3)景观形态上，人工乔木林和耕地的景观形态最为简单，典型草原和人工灌丛这2种景观类型还处于很不稳定的阶段。

The trend is not to segregate flowers in their own beds, but to plant what's called a "mixed border" in which small flowering trees like ornamental pears or shrubs like rhododendrons join perennials in a planting that can look attractive all season.

现在流行的趋势并不是把花卉单独隔离在他们自己的苗床内，而是种植成混搭的形式，比如把装饰性的梨树之类的小型开花乔木或者杜鹃之类的灌木与多年生的植物种植在一起，从而在一年四季内都能够吸引我们。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。