乔木林

The results showed that the lowland rain forest are composed of Heritiera parvfolia, Ormosia balansae, Ficus altissima, Vatica mangachapoi, Sarcosperma kachinense, Man glietia hainanense, Ixonanthes chinensis and Diospyros hainanensis in arbor layer and Gironniera subaequalis, Koilodepas hainanense, Blastus cochinchinensis, Psychotria rubra in shrub layer. The dominant species in mountain rain forest are Dacrydium pierrei, Podocarpus imbricatus, Xanthophyllum hainanense, Altingia obovata, Quercus auguslii and Adinandra hainanensis.

研究结果表明吊罗山低地雨林乔木层以蝴蝶树、青梅、高山榕、粘木、长脐红豆、海南柿、肉实树和海南木莲为主，灌木层以白颜树、白茶、柏拉木和九节为主；山地雨林以陆均松、鸡毛松、黄叶树、阿丁枫、扫把青冈和海南杨桐为优势种；山顶常绿矮林则以山地常绿阔叶林陆均松、琼崖柯、岭南青冈和油丹等种类的矮化为特征。

Davidii forest, while arbor layer could be divided into two sub-layers, with a height of 4.05-7.86 m for the upper layer, and of 2.05-3.20 m for the lower layer. In the community, there were 32 herbal species belonging to 27 genera of 13 families and dominant by Poaceae, Fabaceae and Compositae, and 11 areal types, among which, the species number in Mongolian-Northeastern China-Dahuricia-North China areal type was the highest (34.38%), followed by that in Northeastern China-North China areal type (12.5%).

结果表明：研究区刺榆林不存在灌木层；其乔木层可划分为2个亚层，上、下层高度分别为4.05~7.86和2.05~3.20m；林下共有32种草本植物，隶属13科27属，以禾本科、豆科和菊科为主；研究区有11个植被分布区型，其中，蒙古－东北－兴安－华北分布区型种类最多(34.38%)，其次为东北－华北分布区型(12.5%)。

By analyzing soil quality of 4 kinds of land use types in Kalamay agriculture development area according to principal component analysis, we draw the conclusions: nature shrub tree land is affected little by mankind, a great deal of organic matter return to soil every year, and root system can improve soil physical quality, can absorb salt from soil, so the soil quality of nature shrub tree land is the best; the soil quality of farmland is better than the soil quality of manpower Tamarix Bulrush land, which may be reasoned that man make for soil quality by irrigation to exclude salt and fertilizing organic muck in the earlier oasis digging up period. Soil physical qualities of tree land get harden and worsen for flooding irrigation, furthermore climate in Kalamay is dry and rainless , the other irrigation is very long time after the former one, so soil get harden severity and result soil physical quality get worse and worse.

利用主成分分析法分析新疆克拉玛依农业开发区四种土地利用方式下的土壤质量，得出：天然灌木林地，受人为影响较小，每年有大量有机物质返还土壤，且天然灌木的根系可以很好的改良土壤的物理性质，同时所选天然灌木林灌木多是耐盐碱并且本身又具有吸收积累来自土壤的盐分，土壤质量最好；农田受到的人为影响最大，但农田综合得分却好于人工柽柳芦苇地综合得分，这可能是由于在开垦初期的绿洲农田，受到了人们灌水压盐及增施各种有机无机肥料等有利于土壤质量提高的措施所致；乔木林地，由于人们用大水漫灌的方式灌溉，致使林地土壤变得板结，土壤物理性质下降，加上克拉玛依地区气候干燥少雨，一次灌溉后较长时间后才有下一次灌溉，致使土壤理化性质恶化，土壤质量不高。

Populus is Salicaceae Populus spp Asia, Central Asia is a desert area in the most widely distributed tree species, it constitutes "according to duga" Lin strength of the continental climate in arid region of verdant oasis.

胡杨是杨柳科胡杨亚属植物，是中亚荒漠区中分布最广的乔木种之一，它所构成的&杜加依&林强度大陆性气候的干旱地区形成葱郁的绿洲。

The analyses of social and economic development indicate that, up to 1998, the total population in Yijinholo County is 143, 949 persons, the population density is 24 persons per square kilometer, large population number results in land exploitation for food and overgrazing in rangeland. The change in temporal and spatial pattern of landuse from 1977 to 1998 demonstrates that mobile sand dunes was replaced by rangeland and woodland and partial shrubland in the middle of study area changed into rangeland and farmland from 1977 to 1987, while mobile sand dunes and rangeland transformed into shrubland and farmland in a small parts from 1987 to 1998, the above-mentioned change is proved by the change of fractal dimension index and fragmentation index at landscape and its element levels.

对近50年来伊旗社会经济发展的分析结果表明，虽然人口增长率基本上呈下降趋势，但由于人口基数较大，截至1998年底，伊金霍洛旗的人口总数达143949人，人口密度为24人／平方公里，较高的人口密度带来了更多的生存需求，使得大量的草牧场被开垦，而剩余的则严重超载。1977-1998年间伊土地利用结构总体格局变化的分析结果表明，1977-1987时段内主要是流动沙地为草牧场和乔木林地所取代，伴随着中部的部分灌木林地转换为草牧场和农地：而1987-1998时段内主要是草牧场和流沙地为灌木林地和农地特别是灌木林地所取代，而景观及各景观要素的分维度指数和破碎度指数的变化也充分证实了这一结论，虽然在前10年（1977-1987年）中大面积的灌木林被砍伐，但土地利用格局的整体变化间接地反映出该时段内荒漠化的状况正在发生逆转。

The crude drugs include Northeast Shanxiu , golden cypress , the root of Chinese wild Ginger , the fruit of Chinese magnoliavine , The wild animals and beasts have a leisurely life here such as black bear , wild pig , roe deer , badger .

白石砬子自然保护区林深木秀，红松、杉松、匍匐松、紫杉、云杉、花曲柳等珍奇乔木竞相生长；山梅花、天女木兰、玉铃花、锦带花等灌木山花争芳斗艳；名贵药材上百种，东北山秀，黄柏、细辛、北五味时隐时现；更有珍禽异兽穿行其间，黑熊、野猪、狍、獾怡然悠闲，自得其乐。

The results showed that forest musk deer mainly fed on defoliations of evergreen or halfevergreen arbors and shrubs in winter, among which 16 species belonging to 14 families had been identified.

结果表明：林麝冬季主要取食常绿或半常绿灌木和乔木的落叶，经检验确认的有14科16种；春季主要以当年生枝条以及非禾草类草本植物为食，共确认17科18种。

Tree species richness on Mt. Mang was obviously higher than that of Mt. Mao ′ er in the evergreen broad-leaved forests below 1000 m and in brushwoods above 1700 m.

在海拔1000 m 以下的常绿阔叶林群落和1700 m 以上的山顶矮林群落，莽山乔木的物种丰富度均明显高于猫儿山。

Plant species were classified into six plant functional groups based on their life forms, that is, trees, shrubs, sub-shrubs, perennial grasses, perennial forbs and annuals.

2依照生活型将锡林河流域主要植物种划分成6个植物功能群：乔木、灌木、半灌木、多年生禾草、多年生杂类草和一年生植物。

Relative abundance of trees was positively correlated with soil organic matter and the distance to old-growth forest, which had the highest distribution in the secondary forest stands.

乔木的相对多度与土壤有机质和离老龄林的距离成正相关，在采伐后恢复的山地雨林次生林中的分布最高。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。