乔木

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, erect, rarely scandent, mostly glabrous, rarely dioecious.

草本或灌木，很少乔木，直立，很少攀缘，多数无毛，很少雌雄异株。

Trees or shrubs, occasionally scandent shrubs, with latex, sometimes spiny; monoecious or dioecious. Spines when present axillary.

乔木或灌木，偶有攀缘灌木，具乳汁，有时具刺；雌雄同株或异株当存在时的刺腋生。

Trees, shrubs, or sometimes herbs containing resin or oil in schizogenous spaces or canals and sometimes black or red glands containing hypericin or pseudohypericin.

乔木，灌木、有时为草本，在裂生空隙或者管道里含有树脂或者油，有时具有包含金丝桃蒽酮或者假金丝桃蒽酮的黑色或红色的腺体。

We in this project studied module dynamics, physiological integration between modules, and the relationship between module dynamics and environmental change including physical and biological interaction for perennial herb Scirpus mariqueter, annual cotton, and tree species of Querucus fabri.

本项目分别以多年生草本克隆植物海三棱麃草，一年生农作物棉花和多年生高大乔木栎树为研究对象，研究了这几种不同构件特征集合体的构件动态、构件间的生理整合及其对环境变化的响应、构件动态与环境因子的变化关系，构件动态与动物侵食的关系等。

Nature Evergreen sclerophyllous vegetation consisting mainly of trees and shrubs.

自然植被以常绿硬叶乔木和灌木为主。

Trees or shrubs; leaf blade oblanceolate, 7-13 cm; flowers sessile, in scorpioid cymes; fruit ca. 5 mm in diam., glabrous, globose

乔木或灌木倒披针形的叶片，7-13厘米；花无梗，在蝎尾状聚伞花序里；果直径约5毫米，无毛，球状 3 Tournefortia argentea 银毛树

Scrophulariaceae A family of dicotyledonous plants, mainly herbs, but including some trees, shrubs, climbers, and aquatics with a wide range of leaf form and flower structure.

玄参科：双子叶植物中的一科。主要为草本植物，但也包括一些乔木、灌木、藤本植物及水生种类，因此其叶型和花的形态的变化范围很广。

The change of landuse patterns in 1977-1998 shows indirectly the desertified land had been restored and is being restored. The relationship between landuse patterns and soil types was also analysed in this paper, from 1977 to 1998, the areas of rangeland and mobile sand dunes decreased in most soil types and the areas of woodland, shrubland and farmland increased, which means that the modification of landuse patterns due to limitation of soil types will be helpful to desertification control.

同时土地利用格局的时空变化与土壤类型间关系的分析表明，1977-1998的20余年间，在四种主要土壤类型上各种土地利用类型的变化具有一定的规律性，草牧场和流动沙地的面积基本上呈减小的趋势（分布在风沙土上的草牧场面积除外），而乔木林地，灌木林地和农地面积均为增加的趋势，这说明在土壤类型这一土地自然属性的严重制约下，人们被迫调整其土地利用格局，从而有效地遏制了荒漠化的发生和发展。

The analyses of social and economic development indicate that, up to 1998, the total population in Yijinholo County is 143, 949 persons, the population density is 24 persons per square kilometer, large population number results in land exploitation for food and overgrazing in rangeland. The change in temporal and spatial pattern of landuse from 1977 to 1998 demonstrates that mobile sand dunes was replaced by rangeland and woodland and partial shrubland in the middle of study area changed into rangeland and farmland from 1977 to 1987, while mobile sand dunes and rangeland transformed into shrubland and farmland in a small parts from 1987 to 1998, the above-mentioned change is proved by the change of fractal dimension index and fragmentation index at landscape and its element levels.

对近50年来伊旗社会经济发展的分析结果表明，虽然人口增长率基本上呈下降趋势，但由于人口基数较大，截至1998年底，伊金霍洛旗的人口总数达143949人，人口密度为24人／平方公里，较高的人口密度带来了更多的生存需求，使得大量的草牧场被开垦，而剩余的则严重超载。1977-1998年间伊土地利用结构总体格局变化的分析结果表明，1977-1987时段内主要是流动沙地为草牧场和乔木林地所取代，伴随着中部的部分灌木林地转换为草牧场和农地：而1987-1998时段内主要是草牧场和流沙地为灌木林地和农地特别是灌木林地所取代，而景观及各景观要素的分维度指数和破碎度指数的变化也充分证实了这一结论，虽然在前10年（1977-1987年）中大面积的灌木林被砍伐，但土地利用格局的整体变化间接地反映出该时段内荒漠化的状况正在发生逆转。

Shrubs or trees, usually spinescent, rarely unarmed, with terminal scaly buds and axillary buds.

灌木或乔木，通常具刺，很少无刺，具顶生鳞芽和腋生芽。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。