义务的

Most walls are not normally subject to direct tensile stress and the designer and detailer to avoid such stressing but external walls at the top of a high-rise structure are liable to flexural tensile action due to lateral wind forces.

大多数的墙壁不通常服从的指示张应力和设计者而且细说避免如此的强调，但是由于侧面的风军队，外部的墙壁对弯曲的可拉长的行动在有多层结构的顶端是有义务的。

Concerning the right and duties of an independent state it is commonly accepted that those are integral elements of a truly independent state, including:the right of a state to exercise jurisdiction over its territory and permanent population;to engage upon an act of self-defense in certain situations;not to intervene in the internal affairs of other sovereign states;not to enforce its laws in the territory of another state.

该宣言还包括任何援助或援助的暴力推翻一个国家的政府禁止旨在颠覆分子。关于权利和义务的独立国家是普遍认为，这些都是不可或缺的要素，一个真正独立的国家，其中包括：（1）一国有权行使其领土和管辖权的常住人口；从事经自决行动，在某些情况下国防；不干预其他主权国家的内政；不执行在另一国领土的法律。

As far back as 1988, when Paul Kennedy's The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers was a best seller, the commentariat latched onto his warning that America ran the risk of "imperial overstretch"—"the awkward and enduring fact that the sum total of the United States' global interests and obligations is nowadays far larger than the country's power to defend all simultaneously."

早在1988年，保罗肯尼迪的崛起与大国的兴衰是最畅销，到他锁定警告commentariat，美国跑的"帝国过分扩张的危险"-"的尴尬和持久事实是，美国的全球利益和义务的总和，是现在远远超过了国家的权力，同时维护一切更大。"

This point, though possibly valid, does not seem to me to throw doubt on the principle lying behind such excusing conditions as we do recognize at present, nor to destroy their genuine value for those who are above the minimum level of economic prosperity; for the difference between a system of strict liability and our present system plays a part in their happiness.

这一点，虽然可能是正当的，但在我看来，不会引起对隐身在象我们现在所承认的一样的免责条件之后的原则的怀疑，也不会毁灭它们对处于最低经济水平线之上的那些人的真正的价值。因为一种严格义务的制度与我们现在的制度之间的区分在他们的幸福中扮演着某种角色。

The change in net income was primarily attributable to a $26.9 million decrease in research and development expenses related to the cessation of the development of Sulonex in March 2008, a $5.4 million decrease in research and development expenses related to KRX-0401, a $20.8 million increase in license revenue related to an amendment to the September 2007 sublicense agreement with Japan Tobacco Inc. and Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. which eliminated the Company's significant ongoing obligations included in the original agreement ($18.0 million) and a $3.0 million milestone payment from JT/Torii earned in the first quarter of 2009, and a $3.6 million increase in other revenue primarily related to the settlement of a dispute for $3.5 million.

在净收益的变化主要是由于2008年3月，在研究和开发费用与韩国证券期货交易所，0401（perifosine五百四十〇点〇〇万美元减少到1的研究和有关的发展的Sulonex停止开发费用二千六百九十点〇〇〇万美元减少），在涉及对2007年9月与日本烟草公司和鸟药业有限公司转授权协议，消除了公司的重大，持续的义务的修正案，授权收入二千零八十零点零零零万美元增加原协议中（$ 18.0万美元），由日本烟草300万美元的里程碑付款/鸟赚了2009年第一季度，并在其他收入主要是与一个以350万美元的争端解决三六○○○○○美元增加。

To our tolerance of such a system there would indeed be some limit; but even if we were convinced that the social danger of the evasion of punishment through false pleas were overwhelming, and were forced to extend the area of strict liability, we would wittingly be choosing between two distinct principles: the utilitarian principle which justifies punishment by its propensity to protect society from harm, and a principle of justice which requires us to confine punishment to those who have broken the law and had at least some minimum capacity to comply with it.

对我们之于这样一种制度的容忍，确实有某种限度，但是，即使我们确信，通过虚假的辩解逃避惩罚的社会危险是无法抵抗的，并被迫扩大严格义务的范围，我们也会有意地在两个不同的原则中选择：通过保护社会免受损害的倾向来征明惩罚之正当性的功利主义原则，以及要求我们将惩罚只限于已违反法律并至少具有遵守法律的某种最低限度的能力的人的正义原则。

With the deepgoing of the market economy and the lifting of people's life quality, there are higher and higher demands of real estates. The value of real estates is not only for living but also for exchange. The system of commodity estate forward-sale has been established in China, but we didn't pay much attention to the legal issues of this system and the laws on this system are not enough in our legal system, for example, the character of the commodity estate forward-sale contract, the rights and obligations involved in the contract, the forenotice registration system ,the transfer of the forward-sale contract and ect.

今年来随着市场经济的深入化和人民生活水平的提高，人们对于住房有了越来越高的要求，而且房屋的价值也不再仅限于居住，其商用交换价值充分体现，商品房预售买卖制度在我国也已经逐步建立和巩固起来，但是对于商品房预售买卖中体现出了的一些主要的法律问题却并没有引起我们的注意或者在现实的法律体系中还有缺失，比如预售合同的法律性质，预售合同中合同双方权利和义务的关系，预告登记制度以及商品房预售转让等问题。

On questions of social morality, of duty to others, the opinion of the public, that is, of an overruling majority, though often wrong, is likely to be still oftener right; because on such questions they are only required to judge of their own interests; of the manner in which some mode of conduct, if allowed to be practised, would affect themselves.

在社会道德的问题上，在对他人的义务的问题上，公众的意见也即压制的多数的意见虽然常常会错，大概更常常会是对的；因为在这类问题上他们只需要判断他们自己的利害，只需要判断某种行为如任其实行出来将会怎样影响到自己。

This is exemplified by the recent conflict between the USA and Brazil over local working provisions under article 68 of Brazilian Intellectual Property Law. This paper first discusses the issue of local working in terms of legislative history, concluding that both the Paris Convention on the Protection of Intellectual Property and the TRIPS agreement are interpreted literally and purposively. In conclusion , the local working system is fully consistent with the requirement of the TRIPS agreement , thus it is the legal and reasonable protection of themselves by the developing countries.

但从立法史上来看，《巴黎公约》对其最初予以确认，其后历次大会经剧烈争论后仍将其保留，说明其具有历史的合理性；从条约解释学上看，根据《维也纳条约法公约》，TRIPS第 2 7条并不能构成禁止当地实施的&绝对条款&，TRIPS对此问题没有明确的规定意味着应该适用《巴黎公约》的规定和TRIPS&平衡发明者与使用者之间的权利和义务&的立法宗旨，因此&当地实施要求&并不违反TRIPS的规定，具有合法性，是发展中国家对自己的合理保护。

Viewing from the angle of the science of law and taking "rights" as the text for analysis,this article discusses the theoretical divergence on "the rights of nature" between the anthropocentrists and non-anthropocentrism.The anthropocentrists criticize the rights of nature from four aspects,its humanity,impracticality, uncontrollability and non-equivalence of its duties.The n...

从法学视角切入，以&权利&作为分析文本，论述了人类中心主义与非人类中心主义在&自然权利&上的理论分歧，人类中心主义者从权利的属人性、权利义务的不对等性、主张自然权利的非现实性以及自然权利的不可操作性四个方面对自然的权利提出了批判，而非人类中心主义者指出权利概念的在不断地扩展，人类中心主义不可能完全解决好人与自然的关系，自然权利存在着转化为在法律上具有可操作性的可能，并且自然权利理论已在法律实践领域拓展，对自然的权利进行了辩护，由此提出了&非人类中心主义&、&自然的权利&的环境伦理定位。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！