主要要素

Methods of measuring the input components, their prices and output elements are given. We put forward some new methods in measuring components, including composite depreciation rate, equality working hours, and proxy of input resources. Using the mature methods of efficiency measurement and decomposition available, we make a detailed investigation into 4 listing companies of oil industry with a span of 12 periods. Basic conclusions we draw include: labor inputs affects oil field output mostly in China; China oil fields operates in a low technical efficiency level average of 0.61; Increasing difficulties with expanding output has the greatest influence on cost; Cost efficiency of China oil fields averages at 1.47; Total factor productivity of China oil fields averages at 10%, accounting for 79% of the total output growth rate of 12.6%; Frontier technology progress contributes the most to TFP of China oil fields with 17 percentage points.

本文沿用了已有文献中关于效率计量与分解的成熟方法，对我国三家油田上市公司与一家上市石油公司12个时期的技术效率与成本效率进行了详细的计量、分解与分析，得到的基本结论有：劳动力投入是影响我国油田上市公司产出的最重要的影响因素；油田的平均技术效率仅为0.61；产出项是影响成本的显著因素，这说明随着产出增加而出现的开采难度增加是导致开采成本增加的重要因素；油田的平均成本效率为1.47；全要素生产率的增长平均在10％左右，占到了产出平均增长率12.6％的79％，表明我国油田的生产率的提高主要是依靠全要素生产率的提高而实现的，只有21％左右的产出增长是依靠要素投入而实现的；前沿技术进步是油田全要素生产率增长的主要源泉，在2001～2004年期间，前沿技术进步对油田生产率的贡献高达17个百分点。

The major findings include:(1) By using fuel as the base indicator of relative efficiency, we found the following input factors' distribution inefficiency for domestic airlines: The distribution inefficiency of labor and capital input factors differs from airline to airline, and is becoming more severe with time; the distribution inefficiency of other factors does not differ very much among airlines but varies with time. It is inefficient from 1989 to 1995 but becomes more efficient during 1996 to 1997;(2) Airline companies have higher economies of density before 1996, but tend to show a constant return to density in 1997 when considering allocative distortions. The technical efficiency of input factors as a whole has declined after the open-air policy;(3) The costs of airlines are increasing significantly due to their distribution inefficiencies;(4) The instrument variable generated through a quasi price function does not have significant influence on cost; this may imply that airline companies in this time period did not exhibit the phenomena of high-quality high-price.

其主要结论如下：(1)藉由相对燃油分配效率探讨各投入要素之分配扭曲情形发现：劳动和因定投入要素之分配无效率因公司别而有所不同，且随时间而严重，唯民国86年稍有改善；其他要素之分配无效率则较不因公司别而有所不同，但亦随时间发生变化，初期为无效率，在民国85、86年则较具效率；(2)若考虑分配扭曲情形下，国内航空业在民国85年之前具有较高之密度经济，民国86年则趋向固定密度报酬；此整体投入要素之技术效率而官，在天空开放政策后其技术效率随时间变化而下降，但就燃油投入要素平均技术进步率而言，则其技术效率逐年增加且幅度明显；(3)航空公司因分配无效率所造成成本增加的情形相当明显；(4)准价格工具变数对成本之影响并不明显，此可能反映在此期间国内航空公司似乎并未趋向於高品质高价格之现象。

The main objective of this research is to understand how each layout element in product visual appearance influences the overall image of the product; moreover, this similarity research is targeted at surveying the packaging of traditional crispy butter cakes sold in Tachia-Ville in Taichung Prefecture, The likeliness in layout elements would probably result in the confusion of visual identity. Through analyzing and comparing the layout elements of each vendor's product packaging, we tried to establish how traditional food vendors use similar elements and layout in packaging to achieve a certain level of likeliness to the leading product in order to create misleading perceptions in consumers' minds. From this research we discovered the main reason for causing confusion between Crispy Butter Cake vendors lies with their use of "red" as the primary coloring.

本研究主要目的，在於了解商品的视觉呈现当中，各构成要素对整体形象的影响程度；并将本相似度个案研究，设定在调查台中县大甲地区市售传统糕饼外包装，各厂商产品之间，因构成内容中各要素相似，而可能造成的视觉形象上的混淆情况，藉由透过各厂商产品构成要素的拆解统计与比对，试图解释传统食品当中，厂商透过各元素的相似使用与配置，以达到混淆与领导品牌的相似情形，调查统整后发现，可能会影响大甲奶油酥饼商品形象上混淆的主要因素，在於色彩元素中红色调底图色彩使用。

Base on above studies, some conclusions were obtained as follows:(1) ore-forming background of the studied ferromanganese crusts are mainly controlled by intensity of Antarctic Bottom Waters and variations of material source;(2) it is confirmed that the ferromanganese crusts are mainly hydrogenetic and their composition are affected by volcanic and continental material simultaneously; there are no obvious phosphatization reconstruction and element reaction occurred in them, so they have important paleoceanological significance;(3) from researches on element occurrence modes in the new-type ferromanganese crusts and the lying sediments, it is proposed that there is no great biological affection on the crusts formation and their composition mainly came from the adsorptive action of the ferromanganese oxides in them;(4) two major types of ore-controlling factors are identified through compilation of ore-controlling factors, which are geological and oceanic factors;(5) considering the long-term variation trends of the crusts composition, combing the U-series and 10Be isotope dating results, it is proposed that the ore-forming processes of ferromanganese crusts in the studied areas can be divided into three major stages (5.6~2.8 Ma, 2.8~2.7 Ma and since 2.7 Ma), and then the activities of AABW since the Late Miocene, changes of input flux coming from volcanic and continental material are confirmed.

通过研究，得出如下结论：(1)研究区铁锰结壳的成矿背景主要受控于南极底流强弱及物源供给的变化；(2)证实铁锰结壳主要为水成成因，同时其物质组成也受一定程度的火山和陆源物质的影响；结壳自形成以来没有遭受到明显的磷酸盐化等成岩后期改造和元素再迁移，具有重要的古海洋学意义；(3)通过新型铁锰结壳及下伏沉积物元素赋存状态的研究，认为生物作用对研究区结壳的形成并没有很大的直接影响，其物质成分主要来自于结壳中铁锰氧化物的吸附作用；(4)在控矿要素的研究中，归纳出了地质与海洋两大类结壳控矿要素；(5)根据结壳成分长周期变化趋势，结合铀系和10Be测年结果，将研究区结壳的形成过程划分为三个主要阶段(5.6~2.8 Ma，2.8~2.7 Ma和2.7 Ma以来)，并确定了晚中新世以来研究区南极底流的活动情况、火山和大陆来源物质输入量的变化。

Main contents of the second chapter "art words methods" are introduction of art words, basic writing skills and originality design of chinese and western characters, etc. Main contents of the third chapter "basic components of plane" are spot, strokes and spaces, etc. Main contents of the fourth chapter "format and rules of plane" are symmetry and balance, repitition and group tendency, rhythm and cadence, comparision and change, consonance and unification, breakthrough and variance, etc. Main contents of the fifth chapter "basic design of space of a whole page" are gridding system, visual process of space design, word editing, graph space design, etc. Main contents of the sixth chapter "color planning" are color introduction, surface color system, color and visual psychology, color planning, etc. Main contents of the seventh chapter "plane advertisment design" are newspaper and magazine advertisment design, outdoor and POP advertisment design, etc.

第二章"美术字技法"的主要内容有美术字概说、中外文字体的基本写法、中/外文字体的创意设计等；第三章"平面构成的基本要素"的主要内容有造型基本要素如点、线、面等；第四章"平面构成的形式法则"的主要内容有对称与平衡、重复与群化、节奏与韵律、对比与变化、调和与统一、破规与变异等；第五章"基础版面设计"的主要内容有网格系统、版面设计的视觉流程、文字编排、图形的版面设计等；第六章"色彩计划"的主要内容有色彩概论、表色体系、色彩与视觉心理、色彩设计等；第七章"平面广告设计"的主要内容有报刊广告设计、户外广告设计、 POP 广告设计等。

This paper, according to the fundamental needs of developing planning socialist commercial economy, analyses the main tendance and the existing defects in researching accounting theory in our country.

本文根据发展社会主义有计划的商品经济的基本要求，分析我国近年来在探索会计理论改革的主要倾向及其存在的不足，在对资金运动说和会计要素说进行评价的基础上，提出以资金运动说为主，以会计要素说为补充这一完善我国会计学基础理论的基本思路，进而阐述了会计要素划分的理论依据及具体要素划分问题。

This thesis mainly expounds an analytical method in structure of the lexicographical sememic description elements, namely the structural trichotomy to the lexicographical sememic description elements.

本文主要阐述了一种对辞书义位描写要素的结构进行分析的方法，即辞书义位描写要素的结构三分方法，该方法将辞书中的义位描写要素从结构上分为核心要素、主干要素、标识要素。

The results indicated that (1) the economy in Zhejiang Province was in the developing stage of unchanged scale wage;(2) the inputoutput elasticity coefficients was the most sensitive to labour element among the factors which had effect of economic growth in Zhejiang Province.The results showed that the coefficient was 0.538 5 in labour element while the coefficients were 0.247 3 in land element and 0.321 6 in fixed asset elements respectively;（3）the contribution of the input of fixed assets was 6823% and still the major impetus to economic growth during this time;(4)the land use was not intensive basically in Zhejiang Province,the input of land elements was replaced by that of other elements during the study.So,labour intensive industry should be one of the industries in the future.

研究结果表明：(1)就规模效应而言，浙江省的经济增长处于规模报酬不变的发展阶段；(2)浙江省经济增长对劳动力要素的投入最为敏感，其中土地要素、劳动力要素和资本要素增加1个单位的投入量对经济增长的推动为 0.247 3、0.538 5 和 0.321 6；（3）固定资产投入在研究期间是浙江省经济增长的主要推动力，其贡献率达到6823%，而劳动力要素与土地要素则分别为2346%和625%；(4)浙江省土地利用不够集约，在研究期间土地要素对经济增长的影响能被资本要素与劳动力要素有效替代，而劳动力要素则难以被资本投入与土地投入有效替代，劳动集约型产业应该成为浙江省未来发展方向之一。

A number of research outcomes were concludedThe main conclusions: 1 the capital intensive, recourses intensive, scale-based benefit, high pollution and high industrial correlativeness are five most influential factors in paper industry; 2 theoretically, resources endowment, financing ability, quality of enterprise, structure of industrial organization, relevant industries, and the institutional environment are six key components of competitive power for regional paper industry. Among them, quality of enterprise, financing ability and the structure of industrial organization are the key elements for regional competition in paper industry; 3 the assessment of the competitiveness power of Fujian paper industry has showed that during 1999-2005, the competitiveness power of Fujian paper industry was stable; 4 financing ability and the structure of industrial organization have positive impact on the competitiveness power of paper industry; 5 The SWTO analysis shows that the advantage of Fujian paper industry is resource abundance, however, the disadvantages are financing ability and the structure of industrial organization.

主要结论有：①资本密集、资源密集、规模效益显著、污染型、产业关联度大等5个方面是造纸产业最为重要的5个特性；②从理论上分析，区域造纸产业竞争力的主要构成要素包括资源禀赋、融资能力、企业素质、产业组织结构、关联产业与制度环境等6个要素，其中企业素质、融资能力与产业组织结构是区域造纸产业的核心要素；③从福建省造纸产业综合竞争力的纵向测评结果来看，1999-2005年福建省造纸产业综合竞争力的表现较为稳定；④融资能力与产业组织结构对区域造纸产业竞争力具有显著的正向影响作用，它们是区域造纸产业竞争力最重要的影响因素；⑤根据SWOT分析结果表明，福建省在资源--对区域造纸产业竞争力影响有限的因素—拥有竞争优势，而在融资与产业组织结构等—对区域造纸产业竞争力有重要影响的因素-处于竞争劣势。

On the basis of Theory of Endowment and Ricardian Comparative Advantage Paradigm, this paper carry out dynamic empirical analysis on the forenamed phenomena on the aspect of evolution of factor endowment and technological progress. The result of our research shows that there exists prominent positive correlation between upgrading of Chinas exporting commodity structure and evolution of factor endowment and technological progress respectively, moreover, the upgrading attribute more to evolution of factor endowment than technological change.

基于要素禀赋论和李嘉图比较优势理论，本文从要素禀赋演进和技术进步两个方面对此进行了动态的经验实证，结果显示要素禀赋演进和技术进步均分别与我国出口商品结构升级存在显著的正相关的关系，并且，要素禀赋的演进构成了出口商品结构升级的主要原因，而技术进步的贡献相对较小。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。