主要成本

Ma Ying also pointed out that although oil prices have fallen over the highest point, but Air China will be difficult to enjoy the benefits of lower oil prices, mainly due to the original Air China by the international price of oil procurement Make up for the decline in hedging losses (of the decline in procurement costs higher than the loss of security units) in order to benefit from a decline in the price of crude oil, but because of the signing of contracts, including the other party has the right to determine in advance in accordance with the agreed price of the company to sell a certain number of cycles of Fuel, so the amount of losses may be higher than the drop in oil prices brought about by the decline in costs.

马英九还指出，虽然油价已经下跌了最高点，但航空公司中国将难以享受油价下跌带来的好处，主要是由于国际石油价格在原中国航空采购弥补在对冲损失（在采购成本比更高的安全部队损失下降）下降，以受益于原油价格下跌，但由于所签订的合同，其中包括对方已按照事先确定的权利，与公司商定的价格出售了一定数量的燃料循环，所以损失的金额可能低于石油价格下降所增加的成本下降带来的。

As we have learned , the management cost of an air lane basically includes cost of fat fee of boat of material of charge , boat and manpower resource falls to wait since the airport .

据了解，一条航空路线的经营成本主要包括机场起降费用，航材航油费用以及人力资源成本等。

Adopt ASP. NET 2003 is regarded as the developing instrument, the design of storehouse of the data follows 3 normal form :, have designed the coding schedule of goods and materials mainly, tombarthite product structure catalogue, basic information slip of the job centre, route form of the craft , project code of the expenses, journal ledger of the cost of goods, subsidiary ledger of the cost of goods, department's form, measurement unit form, the supplies inventory safeguards the counting type structure form, real expenses form, share the proportion form in power of kinetic energy, salary expenses share proportion form, amortization charge share proportion , maintain expenses share proportion , test expenses share proportion , main frame left menu tree form , material price list ,etc. data list

采用ASP 。NET 2003作为开发工具，数据库设计遵循第三范式，符合第二范式的条件，每个非关键字属性都仅由关键字决定，而且一个非关键字属性不能仅仅是对另一个非关键字属性的进一步描述(即一个非关键字属性值不依赖于另一个非关键字属性值)。，主要设计了物资编码表、稀土产品结构目录表、工作中心的基本情况表、工艺路线表、费用项目编码、产品成本总帐、产品成本明细帐、部门表、计量单位表、物料清单维护数型结构表、实际费用表、动能功率分摊比例表、工资费用分摊比例表、折旧费用分摊比例、维护费用分摊比例、化验费用分摊比例、主框架左菜单树表、材料价格表等数据表。

The uncovered tracts and the liver wound surface were managed by some of the methods combined such as high frequency electrocoagulation, titanium clamp, suture, hemostatic gauze oppression, argon-beam coagulation, protein glue adherence, and Endo-GIA switcher. The total operative outcome, operating time, blood loss, postoperative complications and postoperative hospital stay were summarized in order to assess feasibility and safety of the clinical laparoscopic liver resection.Results: 1. Laparoscopic liver resection with clamp dissection method needs only the ordinary laparoscopic equipment. It has a low cost but causes a little more bleeding. 2. Laparoscopic liver resection operated by microwave tissue coagulation method had very little bleeding when dissecting hepatic parenchyma. The operative field is clear and the cost is low. It is a safe, convenient and effective method. 3. Ultrasound dissector is a relatively ideal appliance for laparoscopic liver resection at present because ofless bleeding during operation. But the speed is slow thus prolongs the operation time. Its separating intensity is not strong enough, and it can only be applied to patients without hepatic cirrhosis. 4. Ligsure has clamp dissection and electrocoagulation functions. It can carbonize hepatic tissue including the tracts whose diameters are less than 7mm. It has some advantage in dissecting. However, it has the shortcomings of the clamp dissector during coagulating. 5. Hand-assisted laparoscopic liver resection can make use of the flexibility and feeling of the operators left hand.

结果：1、钳夹分离切肝法不需特殊仪器设备，只要具备常规的腹腔镜器械即可实施，成本低，肝断面较易渗血；2、微波固化切肝法肝实质出血很少，视野清晰，成本低，操作简单，是一种安全、简便、有效的方法；3、超声刀是目前较为理想的切肝器械，术中出血少，但是，切割速度慢，手术时间长，而且，切割强度有限，适用于无肝硬化的肝切除；4、Ligsure具有挤压粉碎及高频电凝止血两大功能，可使包括7~以下管道的肝组织碳化、形成焦痴，具有一定的优势，但是，也存在分离钳电凝止血的缺点；5、手辅助腹腔镜肝切除可以利用术者左手的灵活性及手感，便于术中显露、分离、控制出血等，可随意协助右手及助手的主要操作，缩短了手术时间，大大提高了腹腔镜肝切除的安全性，李朝龙等的改良方法，同样达到了手辅助目的，又节省了费用；6、小切口腹腔镜辅助切肝法可以使用剖腹肝切除常规器械及剖腹肝切除技术，操作简单、可靠，适用于肝左外叶切除及右肝第V段切除；7、Endo一GIA切肝法在离断肝组织的同时闭合管道结构，多用于肝左静脉、门静脉分支、管径较大胆管的切割，缺点是不能用于较厚肝组织的切割，而且价格昂贵；8、临床巧例腹腔镜肝切除均获得成功，手术时间最短1.5h，最长sh，平均125 min，多数在100 min左右，手术出血量最少50 ml，最多500 ml，平均1 78 ml，除2例合并严重肝硬化的原发性肝癌患者术后出现少量腹水，1例术后发生胆漏外，其余无并发症，发生胆漏的1例患者术后住院40d，多数在术后一周左右出院，术后住院时间5一40d，平均gd。

The major findings include:(1) By using fuel as the base indicator of relative efficiency, we found the following input factors' distribution inefficiency for domestic airlines: The distribution inefficiency of labor and capital input factors differs from airline to airline, and is becoming more severe with time; the distribution inefficiency of other factors does not differ very much among airlines but varies with time. It is inefficient from 1989 to 1995 but becomes more efficient during 1996 to 1997;(2) Airline companies have higher economies of density before 1996, but tend to show a constant return to density in 1997 when considering allocative distortions. The technical efficiency of input factors as a whole has declined after the open-air policy;(3) The costs of airlines are increasing significantly due to their distribution inefficiencies;(4) The instrument variable generated through a quasi price function does not have significant influence on cost; this may imply that airline companies in this time period did not exhibit the phenomena of high-quality high-price.

其主要结论如下：(1)藉由相对燃油分配效率探讨各投入要素之分配扭曲情形发现：劳动和因定投入要素之分配无效率因公司别而有所不同，且随时间而严重，唯民国86年稍有改善；其他要素之分配无效率则较不因公司别而有所不同，但亦随时间发生变化，初期为无效率，在民国85、86年则较具效率；(2)若考虑分配扭曲情形下，国内航空业在民国85年之前具有较高之密度经济，民国86年则趋向固定密度报酬；此整体投入要素之技术效率而官，在天空开放政策后其技术效率随时间变化而下降，但就燃油投入要素平均技术进步率而言，则其技术效率逐年增加且幅度明显；(3)航空公司因分配无效率所造成成本增加的情形相当明显；(4)准价格工具变数对成本之影响并不明显，此可能反映在此期间国内航空公司似乎并未趋向於高品质高价格之现象。

Logistics is the economic Dark Continent""Logistics is the third source of profits" and "the tip of logistics costs that view shows the logistics costs of logistics management early People are concerned about the main issues.

物流是经济的黑暗大陆"、"物流是第三利润源"及"物流成本冰山说等观点都说明了物流成本问题是物流管理初期人们关心的主要问题。

The quality of enterprise products and service has already trended towards homogeneity at the present stage,the main respect of the competition is put on the possibility that the cost reduced,and has proposed solving the......

现阶段企业产品和服务的质量已经趋向于同质化，竞争的主要方面就放在了成本降低的可能性上，目的在于改善企业的成本管理，提高企业的竞争力，企业只有以低于竞争对手的成本进行生产经营才能在竞争中立于不败之地。

Chapter six estimates a New Keynesian hybrid Phillips curve under open economy for China by way of GMM, Empirical result shows that hybrid costs are statistically significant and qualitatively important; capital cost and intermediate imported input cost influence inflation mostly; there are back-looking and forward-looking pricing behavior, but the forward-looking behavior captures most firms' behavior.

本文第六章研究了中国的新凯恩斯混合菲利普斯曲线，结果表明，使用混合边际成本作为通货膨胀的驱动因素在统计和经济意义上具有显著性，影响我国通货膨胀主要是资本成本与进口中间品成本；企业定价行为既有前瞻性又有后顾性，但前瞻性处主导地位，且价格具有较强的灵活性，因此货币政策应该具有前瞻性，连贯性和稳健性。

Inclusive bases answer in fee crossing a net was being discussed in article, 2 when transmission network moves and invest namely reclaim cost, network block and optimize attempered 2 opportunities cost, and move to reserve and send electric control automatically (cost of 2 of AGC) auxiliary services, these 2 auxiliary services are to trade the center buys what generate electricity from library affiliation and offer through transmit electricity net.

文中论述了过网费中应包括的 6项主要成分，即输电线路运行和投资的 2项回收成本，网络阻塞和优化调度的 2项机会成本，以及运行备用和自动发电控制的 2项辅助服务成本，这 2项辅助服务都是交易中心购自库联营发电并通过输电网提供的。

Based on the amendment to the classical theory of labor value, this article primarily studies the cost recovery principle in the determination of knowledge value and price, clarifies the critical price level and critical transaction volume of knowledge in the fractal reproduction of knowledge, and finally points out the applicability of labor cost st...

本文从修正古典劳动价值论出发，主要探讨了知识价值和价格决定中的成本补偿原理，阐明了在知识分形再生产条件下围绕成本结构变化的知识临界价格水平与临界交易量，并对劳动成本观点的适用性进行了初步分析。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。