主要成本

The establishment Times of London stated: If that mischievous financial policy which had its origin in the North American Republic should become indurated down to a fixture, then that government will furnish its own money without cost. It will pay off its debts and be without a debt .

如果美国制定出不符合罗斯柴尔德家族利益的政策（比如：不像英国那样通过（主要向罗斯柴尔德家族等银行家）负债来发行货币），这些政策可能传成为惯例，那样的话，美国**就能不花成本地发行货币了，它将能还清它的债务，从而不像其它欧洲国家那样向国际银行家负债了。

Manual systems, as seen in the top of Fugure15.12 , have multiple costs and inefficiencies.

手册系统，主要出现在顶部的fugure15.12 ，有多个成本和效率低下。

The main conclusions are: [1] Rapid development of corporations engenders urgent demand of financing, conflict between capital market imperfection and demand of financing leads corporations to control listed corporations by purchasing "shell" and enhance it"s financing capability; [2] Two kinds of pricing institution of stock provides stirpses for controlling listed corporations by low cost, monitoring institution imperfections provides corporations for operating listed corporations. Adjust of national assets provides more "shells; [3] More private corporations purchase listed corporations, some of them form stirpses; [4] Stirpses have positive influence about adjusting industry and enhancing capital market financing function; [5] Stirpses magnify financial risk by controlling listed corporations, and transform listed corporations from shareholders benefit to block shareholder benefit, having tendency of infracting shareholders benefit.

本文主要的结论：[1]中国企业的迅速发展对融资有迫切的要求，中国国内资本市场发展不完善与这种强烈的融资需求的冲突导致了企业寻求通过买&壳&的方式控制上市公司，以此来提高自身的融资能力；[2]中国上市公司股票的两种定价机制为&系&低成本控制上市公司提供了可能，监管机制的不完善为&系&提供了操纵上市公司的空间，国有资产在调整过程中从部分竞争行业退出，为资本市场提供了一定数量的&壳&资源；[3]民营企业纷纷买&壳&上市，在这个过程中，部分实力突出的企业形成了&系&；[4]&系&现象对进行行业整合、提高资本市场融资能力等方面起到了积极的作用；[5]&系&通过对上市公司进行的操纵放大了金融风险，将上市公司的股东利益最大化变为大股东利益最大化，存在着侵害小股东利益的潜在倾向。

This thesis mainly explored the internal logic and mechanism of the de-powering process. Specifically, the present research has analyzed four types of institutional interlinks, which are found in the operating process, including delegitimation, increase of the cost of safeguarding rights, the alternative usage of institutions and the weakening of social support.

本文主要对剥权过程的内在逻辑和机制进行了深入探讨，分析了资本和地方权力体系在制度运作实践中形成的去合法性、增大维权成本、对制度的选择性利用和弱化社会支持四种制度连接机制。

Our main goal is to deliver products that are cost effective, but without jeopardizing the required standard of performance, reliability and quality.

1.2主要目的是传递产品的成本效应，但不会危害到产品的标准性能，可靠性和质量。

The econometric analysis and regression results show that industry localizes in places where the market is large, the intra-regional transaction and transportation costs are lower, FDI concerned and higher wage levels and price increases in industry regions have not yet had a significant effect on industry location.

最后的计量分析的结果也表明中国的工业目前主要集聚在市场规模大、交通便利、交易费用低和吸引外商直接投资多的地区，而工资成本和价格水平还没有对工业集聚产生影响。

Under the circumstance that the retailer has no knowledge on the manufacturing cost and is the leader of the supply chain, this paper mainly investigates the behaviors of the manufacturer's misreporting, and analyzes impacts of these behaviors on supply chain operation.

在生产成本信息不对称条件下，主要研究当零售商处于领导者地位时，制造商的谎报行为以及谎报对供应链的绩效的影响。

Germany, by contrast, has relied mainly on a cost-cutting strategy. But Germany is not reforming its archaic wage-setting mechanisms, it is not breaking up its energy oligopolies and it not privatising its Sparkassen and Landesbanken.

相比之下，德国主要依靠成本节约战略，但并没有改革其陈旧的薪资决定机制，没有打破其能源领域的卖方市场局面，没有将它的地区国有储蓄银行和公开上市的州银行私有化。

Extensive research has shown that these time and cost overruns are largely avoidable, because the processes that produce high quality software on time, and on budget, are well-known.

广泛的研究表明，这些时间和成本超支主要是可以避免的，因为流程生产高质量软件的时候，就财政预算案中，是众所周知的。

This article mainly specially is engaged in the petrochemical industry engineering projectconstruction take unit --GPCJA Corporation as a platform, to petrifies the projectconstruction project the progress change and the construction cost relations conducts the research.

本文主要以一个专门从事石化工程项目施工的单位——GPCJA公司为平台，对石化工程施工项目的进度变更和施工成本关系进行研究。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。