主要成本

We introduce convex,and in particular semidefinite,optimization methods,duality and complexity theory to shed new light to this relation for the single stock problem, given moments of the prices of the underlying assets,we show that we can find best possible bounds on option prices with general payoff funcations efficiently,either algorithmically(solving a semidefinite optimization problem)or in closed form, conversely,given observable option prices,we provide best possible bounds on moments of the prices of the underlying assets,as well as on the prices of the other options on the same asset by sovling linear optimization problems for options that are affected by multiple stocks either directly(the payoff of the option depends on multiple stocks)or indirectly(we have information on correlations between stock prices),we find on-optimal bounds using convex optimization methods,however,we show that it is NP-hard to find best possible bounds in multiple dimensions,we extend our results to incorporate transactions costs,this paper,in theory and practice can provide a reference to researchers and designers about Chinese financial derivative products,the full text is divided into six chapters as follows: ChapterⅠ:Papers on the background and significance of the subjects on a number of option pricing models as well as their advantages and shortcomings of the model and describes the status of research and writing papers and the main contents of the basic idea.

相应地，给定期权价格，也能够出标的资产瞬时价格的最有可能的最好的界。还有通过解决一个线性最优化问题，根据同一标的资产的其他期权的价格来找到这个期权的界值，对于期权受到多种股票价格直接影响(期权的收益依赖于多种股票)或者间接影响(我们有股票之间联系的有用信息)，如果使用凸规划方法我们就会发现没有最优的界，也能够证明对于多维情形确实是很难找到最优的最有可能的界值，最后将这一结论推广到考虑交易成本的情况。本文在理论和实践上给我国金融衍生产品研究者和设计者提供一定的参考。全文共分为六章，具体安排如下：第一章：阐述论文的选题背景和意义，介绍期权定价的一些模型以及这些模型的优点与缺点，并介绍国内外研究的现状以及论文的写作基本思路与主要内容。

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is a direct band gap semiconductor with optical band gap energy of 2.0 - 2.5eV. It is a non-stoichiometric p-type semiconductor. The attractiveness of cuprous oxide as a photovoltaic materials because of its high absorption coefficient in visible regions, non-toxicity, abundantly available starting material on the earth and low cost producibility.

氧化亚铜为直接能隙P型半导体材料，是属於一种非化学计量比缺陷半导体(non stoichiometric defect semiconductor)，光学能隙值约在2.1-2.5eV之间，具有低制造成本、无毒性、起始材料在自然界中含量丰富等优点，并且在可见光范围内具有相当高的光吸收系数，因此主要的应用可用来制造太阳能电池元件。

In this paper, based on the understanding of the concept of "integral product", main goals of the management of the development of innovative products are voiced. They are selecting and designing the target product correctly under the guidance of the market, working out a rational distribution plan of resources, drawing up the target output of the product and an implement plan, controlling the cost of the development, shortening the period of the development, strengthening it's competitive power in the market, and establishing channels for effective information exchange so as to discover and adjust deviations.

本文在认识"整体产品"概念的基础上，提出了创新产品开发管理的主要目标是：以市场为导向，正确进行目标产品的选择与设计；制定合理的资源配置计划；制定产品产出目标和实施计划；控制开发成本，缩短开发周期，增强产品的市场竞争力；建立有效的信息沟通渠道，及时发现并调整出现的偏差。

Pseudorabies or Aujeszky's disease is one of the most important infectious diseases harming pig industry.

核酸疫苗具有安全、有效、研制简单、生产成本低等优点，已经成为人们研究重大疾病免疫预防的主要方向之一。

This paper mainly used the quantitative and qualitative analysis to study the cost of education service.

本论文主要采用定量分析与定性分析相结合的方法对教育服务产品的成本进行探讨。

We focused the study on the synthesis methods of quinoxaline, nitration of its aromatic ring and chlorination of its heterocycle. In this paper, we thought about environmental protection, the cost of material, the feasibility of industrialization, workup easily, and obtained 2,3(1H,4H)-quinoxalinedion, 6-nitro-2,3(1H,4H)-quinoxalinedion, 6,7-dinitro-2,3(1H,4H)–quinoxalinedion, 2,3-dichlo- roquinoxaline, 6–nitro-2,3-dichloroquinoxaline,and 6,7- initro-2,3-dichloro-quinoxaline. A more reasonable, easily, efficient and simple reactive route to synthesize above-mentioned compounds was developed by systematically investigating the yield, the purity and physical character of intermediates.

本文针对喹喔啉及其芳环硝化、杂环氯代的合成进行研究，主要考虑了环保性、原料成本、产业化的可行性、反应操作的简便性等问题，获得了2，3(1H，4H)-喹喔啉二酮、6-硝基-2，3(1H，4H)-喹喔啉二酮、6，7-二硝基-2，3(1H，4H)-喹喔啉二酮、2，3-二氯喹喔啉、6-硝基-2，3-二氯喹喔啉和6，7-二硝基-2，3-二氯喹喔啉等六个中间体，考察了反应产物的产率、纯度和性状等因素，得到了更为合理、方便、实用、简洁的可供产业化的合成路线。

In under the concerned expert's 1nstructlon.the development has developed the belt branching cable(prefabrication branching cable.branched electric cable).the product examines after the national electric wlre electrlc cable authorltative department—Shanghal electrlc cable research 1nstitute.each technlcal Performance achieved the enterprise standard request.the maln Performance surpasses JCS376"Belt Branching cable"the Japanese standard to request.this product passed the provincial level technical appraisal,and obtains the Chongqing key technology innovation product certificate It has the power supply safely reliable,Insulating abiliw good,work convenlent,Power dlstributlon cost low,applicable scope broad,the varlety speclfication are many,Installs the environment request low status merit Has masslvelv used the belt branching cable In the overseas advanced countrles to reDlace the bus bar rabbet mean of delivery.

由于现代建筑物中因配电的复杂性和容量的增加，对于配电主干线的可靠性及经济性的要求则越来越高，本公司为了满足这种市场需求，参考了国内外有关资料，在有关专家的指导下，研制开发了带分支电缆(预制分支电缆，枝状电缆)，产品经国家电线电缆权威部门--上海电缆研究所检测，各项技术性能均达到企业标准要求，主要性能超过JCS376《带分支电缆》日本标准要求，本产品通过r省级技术鉴定，并获得重庆重点技术创新产品证书。它具有供电安全可靠，绝缘性能好，施工安装方便，配电成本低，适用范围广，品种规格多，安装环境要求低等优点。

The research analysed the current status and pollution treatment research review from municipal refuse output, waste physical component, hazards, heavy metal pollution. On the basis of overall understand of current treatment situation about main municipal refuse landfill site of Fujian province. By the simulated test, utilizing 7 kinds of physical adsorbents (zeolite, incineration ashes, slag, plant ash, charcoal, ochre, active carbon), 4 kinds of chemical flocculant FeSO_4, AlCl_3, FeCl_3, Al_2(SO_4_3, and 3 kinds of hyclrophytes, we carried through the pollution removing study of heavy metal in landfill leachate and discussed removing effect of different physical adsorbents, chemical flocculant and hyclrophytes.

并在对福建省主要城市生活垃圾的处理现状全面了解基础上，通过室内模拟试验，分别利用7种物理吸附剂(沸石、焚烧灰、炉灰、草木灰、木炭、赭石、活性炭)、4种化学絮凝剂FeSO_4、AlCl_3、FeCl_3、 Al_2(SO_4_3和3种水生植物进行垃圾渗滤液中重金属的污染去除研究，比较不同物理吸附剂、化学絮凝剂和水生植物对垃圾渗滤液重金属污染的去除效果，试图从中筛选出治理成本低和治理效果好的城市垃圾渗滤液重金属污染修复技术，供南方城市垃圾处理场推广应用。

Comparing with other streamline enterprise, shipping repairmen enterprise has its unique specialty in commerce and management .

和目标 ERP系统建设的主要目标是大幅提高劳动生产率，最大程度地降低成本，提高人的工作效率，从而有效地进一步扩大生产规模或提高利润率。

The detailed datagram that the main purpose that the travel of business of employment of poor travel department of the enterprise runs a company depends on managing a company to offer according to needing force is accused, will make the poor travel system that suits oneself, report poor travel cost to financial department at the same time.

企业的差旅部门雇用商旅治理公司的主要目的在于根据差旅治理公司提供的具体数据报告，来制定适合自己的差旅制度，同时对财务部门上报差旅成本。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。