主动脉瓣狭窄

Results: Among the 41 cases diagnosed as CAOS by echocardiography, bicuspid aortic valve stenosis was found in 27 cases, quadricuspid aortic valve stenosis in 3 cases, supravalvular aortic stenosis in 2 cases, and subvalvular aortic stenosis in 9 cases. Two of the 8 cases diagnosed had other kind of congenital cardiopathy complications by echocardiography were confirmed by operation research.

结果： 超声心动图诊断先天性主动脉出口狭窄共41例，双瓣27例、四瓣3例、瓣上狭窄2例、瓣下狭窄9例，8例合并其他先天性心脏病者中有2例已经手术证实。

The anatomic subtype included type A 18 (85.7%),type B 3 (14.3%),and no type C in the records.All cases were associated with large PDA and VSD,some also with ASD,bicuspid or unicuspid aortic valve,and subvalvular aortic stenosis.

所有病例均合并粗大动脉导管未闭及大型室间隔缺损，其它伴发畸形包括继发孔房间隔缺损、主动脉瓣单瓣或两瓣畸形、主动脉瓣下狭窄。

The answer to the questions just posed is two fold: aortic stenosis in 2009 is the result of congenital bicuspid aortic valves and atherosclerotic/calcific aortic valves.

这个问题的答案有两个方面：2009年主动脉狭窄常见于先天性二叶主动脉瓣及动脉粥样硬化/钙化性主动脉瓣病。

Methods:43 patients including 10 with mitral stenosis associated aortic regurgitation, 12 with mixed mitral valve lesions and 21 with mixed mitral valve lesions and combined with aortic regurgitation were studied.MVA determinded by (1) two -dimensional echocardiography with a cross-sectional area in the short-axis view (2DE),(2) pressure half-time using formula of 220/PHT,(3) color Doppler flow imaging with a jet cross-sectional area in the short-axis view with planimetry,(4) CDFI with a color jet width at the mitral valve orifice in the apical four-chamber view and long-axis view, assuming an elliptic mitral orifice, compared with the orifice area of excised mitral valve during mitral valve replacement.

材料与方法∶分别用二维超声(2DE)、压差减半时间、彩色多普勒二尖瓣口血流截面积和椭圆形面积法测定43例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄拟行人工瓣置换术患者的MVA，其中合并主动脉瓣反流 10例，合并二尖瓣反流 12例， 21例，并与手术标本的实测面积相比较。

They are associated with stenosis of either the aortic or the pulmonic valve, with hypertension or dilatation of either the aorta or the pulmonary artery or both.

喷射性喀喇音喷射性喀喇音音调高，出现于收缩早期，与主动脉瓣或肺动脉瓣狭窄有关，也与主动脉瓣或肺动脉瓣或两者的高血压或膨胀有关。

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect in dogs that includes four separate defects: pulmonic stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta.

法乐氏四联症是一种先天性心脏病，它包括四个部位的异常：肺动脉瓣狭窄、心室间隔缺损、右心室流出道狭窄和主动脉栓塞。

These include: the pre-VAD insertion examination of the heart and largevessels to exclude significant aortic regurgitation, tricuspidregurgitation, mitral stenosis, patent foramen ovale, or othercardiac abnormality that could lead to right-to-left shunt afterleft VAD placement, intracardiac thrombi, ventricular scars,pulmonic regurgitation, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism,and atherosclerotic disease in the ascending aorta; and to assessright ventricular function; and the post-VAD insertion examinationof the device and reassessment of the heart and large vessels.

这些包括：（1） VAD 植入前心脏和大血管的检查以排除明显的主动脉反流、三尖瓣反流、二尖瓣狭窄、卵圆孔未闭或者可能引起左 VAD 植入后右向左分流的其他心脏异常，心内血栓、心室疤痕、肺动脉反流、肺动脉高压、肺栓塞和升主动脉粥样硬化疾病；并且评估右室功能；（2） VAD 植入后检查设备及再评估心脏和大血管。

Congenital aortic stenosis occurs due to improper development of the aortic valve in the first 8 weeks of fetal growth.

主动脉狭窄的发生是由于在胎儿生长发育的前8周里主动脉瓣的不正常的发育。

In conclusion, aortic stenosis is a serious, relatively common condition in elderly Americans.

总的来说，在美国老年人中主动脉瓣狭窄是一种严重的、相对常见的疾病，多为弥漫性粥样硬化疾病的最终表现。

Aortic stenosis is the inability of the aortic valve to open completely .

主动脉狭窄使得主动脉瓣不能够完全的开放。

At that time, I was a legal secretary and oversaw the running of a law office.

那时，我是法律办公室的一名法律秘书，监督整个办公室的运作。

According to the research progress on citrinin, the strategies of citrinin control were described from the three aspects of fermentation technology, mutation breeding, and genetic engineering.

并结合国内外研究进展，从发酵工艺，诱变育种，基因工程三个层面阐述了控制红曲桔霉素产生的对策，并对桔霉素今后的研究方向进行了展望。