主义

Outline : This course introduces the economic thoughts since 17 century until now. It focuses on the economic thoughts of the respective school, such as Mercantilism, Physiocracy, Classical School , Historical School, Socialism, Neoclassical School , Keynesian School , Institution School , New Keynesian, New Classical, and the representatives.

本课程乃在叙述四百年来经济思想之演化，如重商主义、重农主义、古典学派、历史学派、社会主义学派、新古典学派、凯因斯学派、制度学派、新凯因斯学派、货币学派、理性预期学派等，并介绍各学派重要人物之生平与其对经济思想之重要贡献。

Educational psychologists distinguish individual constructivism, identified with Piaget's theory of cognitive development, from social constructivism.

教育心理学家将以伯爵的认知发展理论为特征的个人构成主义和社会的构成主义加以区分。

With roots in Dutch precisionism and mysticism, pietism emerged in reaction to the formality of Lutheran orthodoxy.

随著植根於荷兰precisionism和神秘主义，虔诚主义出现的反应，流於形式的正统路德派。

Theosis as a concept is used among Methodists , and elsewhere in the pietist movement which reawakened Protestant interest in the asceticism of the early church, and some of the mystical traditions of the West.

Theosis这个观念也被遁道会以及唤起抗议宗对早期教会禁欲主义兴趣的圣洁运动，以期西方教会中的神秘主义所采用。

Platonism, Stoicism and Paul's theory about salvation by faith, are the main thought source of Christian universalism.

基督教的兴起既是希腊文化中普遍主义因素的产物，又是西方普遍主义传统成熟的标志。

Firstly, urban space's development course and actuality of space's patterns are reviewed contrastly in the paper abroad and home. Then, existing problems of urban space at present in our country are discussed stressly:"Ten Faulty Expressions in Writing" of urban construction;"the Movement of Beautifying City" in china; the problem of urban characteristic; the problem of reforming of old city; the problem of residential segregation. The above problems' formed reasons and countermeasures are put forward. Then, the example of Xi'an and its existing problems of urban space and several countermeasures are analyzed in the paper. The transformation of three sections realized in the planning thought of urban space is put forward: from "elitism" to "plebeianism"; from mega-urban project design to "daily living space" and from "technology first" to "human-oriented".

论文首先从中西方城市空间形态的演变历程入手，对比分析了国内外的空间形态现状，重点论述了当前我国存在的城市空间问题：城市建设"十大败笔"；中国"城市美化"运动；城市特色问题；旧城改造问题以及空间分异问题，分析了其形成原因并得出了解决途径，然后对西安进行了实例分析，总结出其城市空间存在问题并提出几点对策，接下来提出了城市空间规划理念应实现的三个方向的转变：从"精英主义"向"平民主义"理念转变、从大尺度城市设计向"日常生活空间"营造转变以及从"技术至上"向"以人为本"理念转变。

Based on the rich historical soil and macrostructure of society, this thesis draws from the perspective of sociology on Lucien Goldmann's sociologictheory on novels-happenstantialistic structuralism, chooses structure as the key point of tangency with respect to the change of viewpoint following the sociologic imagination, andthus focuses on the interpretation of sociology on both the Chinese and Western novels by analyzing the social spirits and cultural spirits. From the standpoint of successive longitudinal happenstantialism and conexisting horizontal structuralism, the thesis also endeavors to understand and interpret the complicated relationship between novel structure and spiritual structure of sodiety from the external to the internal, thus systematically illustrates the deep relationship between novels and society.

论文将小说置于社会学视野内，立足深厚的历史土壤，依据宏观的社会构架，发挥社会学的想象力，借鉴吕西安·戈德曼"发生学结构主义"小说社会学理论，选择"结构"作为遵循社会学想象力进行视角转换的重要切入点，着重从社会精神和文化精神的层面对中西小说进行社会学的阐释；在历时纵向发生学和共时横向结构主义的视阈中，由此及彼，由表及里，"理解"和"解释"小说结构与社会精神结构间的复杂关系，进而系统地阐明小说与社会的深层关系。

In this context, Lenin's statement that the dialectics of history is such that the ideological victory of Marxism compels the enemies to put on a mask of Marxism is quite ponderable.

在这个背景下，列宁说历史的辩证法就是这样，马克思主义的胜利迫使敌人也戴上马克思主义的面具，这是发人深省的。

Section Ⅱ,"Formalist Aesthetics, Woolf and Feminism," attempts to build up a theoretical framework through exploring Fry's postimpressionism, Merleau-Ponty and Lacan's discussion of Cezanne's painting and the dynamic meaning of the seeing.

第二单元「形式美学吴尔芙与女性主义」藉由探讨傅莱的后／印象主义、塞尚的再现观点与梅洛庞蒂和拉岗对视觉与意象的拆解，来勾勒本论文理论架构。此外，女性主义与形式主义的争论，则视为有助吾人深入理解吴尔芙的美学。

The theory of complexity is also deeply related to post-modernism, especially for Derida's poststructuralism linguistic.

复杂性理论还与后现代主义有深刻的内在联系。德里达的后结构主义语言学与关联论模型有着一脉相承的渊源关系。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。