中油

The geology research of carbonate reservoirs in Ordovician of Tahe oilfield showed that many large dissolved vugs and fractures were developed. The spread of the reservoir take on a very heterogeneous state. And the typical fractured-vuggy reservoirs was formed. According to the combination of the various spaces, the formation was divided into vuggy formation, fractured-vuggy formation and fractured formation. The research showed that development of the vug is relevant to the its position on the structure, the fractures, the water surface and the weathering surface. Multi-phase charge and recharge of the oil in the reservoirs resulted in the complexity of the fluid distribution. So the"Bottle Model"was brought forward to explain the movement of the water-oil contact. The special storage space and the complex fluid distribution lead to the unstability of the production and the complexity of the water cut. In order to explain the characteristic of the fracture-vug unit was brought forward and the basic principle and method of the partition of the fracture-vug unit was formed. The classification and evaluation of the units were performed according the reserve and energy. Based on the research of geology characteristic and the fluid flow in the reservoir the comprehensive numerical simulation plan of the fractured-vuggy reservoirs were established. Through the selection of the simulation unit, fluid flow type and parameter equivalent the triple media reservoir simulation model was established. Considering the practical application the model was resolved by the DKR decomposition conjugate grads method. Based on the fine reservoir description of Dsitrict IV of the Tahe oilfield the various space type were classified and combined together. The geology model of Unit S48 was constructed. Two typical single well model was established according to the geology and the dynamic phenomena. Finally the single well model and the Unit S48 were simulated by the triple media reservoir simulator. Via the local grid refinement and coarsening in the simulation good matchs were gained. Based on the results of the simulation the reserve distribution, percent of reserve produced in various space and the natural energy were analyzed. The fluid was storaged in the fractures and vugs mostly and more than 90% the produced oil came from the systems. The energy belonged to the active one. The results of simulation accorded with the fact and showed the validity and practicability the research and the simulator.

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏的地质研究表明，其储层中发育着很多大型的溶蚀洞、缝，储层的平面展布呈现出极度的非均质性，形成了典型的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏，根据各种孔隙介质在储层中的组合，将储层分为了溶洞型、裂缝-溶洞型和裂缝型三类；研究表明溶洞储层的发育和构造位置、裂缝的发育、潜水面和风化面的位置等因素有关；多期充注的油气成藏模式导致了流体复杂的赋存状态，由此提出了所谓的"瓶子模型"，解释生产过程中油水界面的变化；特殊的储集空间类型和流体分布特征导致油田在开发过程中表现出很大的不确定性和含水变化的复杂性，为了合理的解释油气田开发过程中的动态特征，提出了"缝洞单元"的概念，并制定了"缝洞单元"纵横向划分的基本原则和依据及划分方法，并对"缝洞单元"进行了分类和评价；基于地质特征和流体在其中流动规律的研究，提出了缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的数值模拟综合解决方案，通过模拟单元的选择、流动类型和参数的等效，建立了三重介质油藏三维三相数值模拟模型，采用不完全LU分解预处理共轭梯度法进行了求解；在塔河油田4区精细油藏描述的基础上，将各种类型的孔隙空间进行了归类组合，建立了S48单元的地质模型；通过对油井生产动态进行分析研究，建立了两类和油井地质、生产动态相对应的单井模型；最后应用三重介质油藏数值模拟软件对单井模型和S48单元进行了数值模拟，通过局部加密和粗化等技术模拟流体流动规律，取得了很好的拟合效果；结合数值模拟结果，分析了各种介质中的储量分布、储量产出的百分比以及地层的能量，认为塔河油田缝洞型油藏中流体绝大多数储集于缝洞系统之中，所产出流体90%以上也来自于缝洞系统，其底水能量属于较充足的类型；模拟结果和油田实际情况符合较好，说明了地质研究和油藏数值模拟研究的正确性。

In 2007, according to the plan of CNPC, gas drilling experiments were carried out extensively in Xujiaweiziensis DaQing. Air drilling, nitrogen drilling and atomization/foam drilling were all applied, and the primary attempt was actualized in the intended interval of Yingchengzuensis. It took out remarkable effect, therefore improved and developed the gas drilling technology. Thus the elementary matching technology of gas (atomization/foam) drilling that is fit for sand shale and vulcanite in Region Xujiaweiziensis of DaQing was formed, which will offer valuable experience for the further application and expansion of gas drilling.

根据中油股份公司的安排部署，2007年气体钻井在大庆徐家围子地区进行了大规模试验，应用了空气、氮气和雾化泡沫钻井工艺，并在营城组目的层进行了气体钻井尝试，取得了显著的效果，使气体钻井技术得到了进一步完善和发展，初步形成了一套适合大庆徐家围子地区深层砂泥岩、火山岩地质特点的气体钻井配套工艺技术，为气体钻井的进一步推广应用积累了宝贵经验。

The reasonable dewaxing method of prickly ash seed oil should be:① The low wax crude manufacture oil can use surfactant to dewax;② If the wax content is relatively high,progressive dewaxing can be adapted to reduce oil lose in the process;③ To the oil that need alkali refining,the wax can be eliminated with the free fatty acid in the process of alkali refining.

脱除花椒籽油中蜡质的合理方法应是：①含蜡量相对较低的精制粗油可选用表面活性剂法脱蜡；②当含蜡量相对较高时，为降低脱蜡过程中油的耗损率可选用分步脱蜡法脱蜡；③需进行碱炼的油，可在碱炼过程中将蜡质与游离脂肪酸一并除去。

At that time the foreign petroleum companies that have been crouching greedily in anticipation of gobbling up a share of the market will surely leap in, break up the current duopolistic situation, and engage in heartless hand-to-hand combat with the CPC and the Formosa Plastics Group.

届时，早已虎视眈眈意图分一杯羹的外国油品公司势将长驱直入，打破目前的双占局面，与中油及台塑两家公司展开无情的肉搏战。

The results showed that AM fungi had a relatively high hyphal colonization rate on the roots of A.

结果表明，在各样地0～50cm土层中油蒿根系AM真菌菌丝定殖率均很高，有典型的泡囊与丛枝结构。

First of all, a monophase microemulsion was prepared with Triton X-100 as surfactant, and the nitration of phenols by concentrated nitric acid in the systems was studied. The influence of the mass fraction of nitric acid, oil/water volume ratio, reaction temperature and other factors on the reaction conversion and selectivity was examined.

首先在非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100形成的单相微乳体系中，用浓硝酸对苯酚进行选择性硝化反应，研究了硝酸的质量分数、微乳中油/水比、反应温度等因素对反应转化率及硝化选择性的影响。

Based on the study on the questions existed in the study of oil/gas migration and accumulation regularities in nonhomogenous transport layer by Hubbert's fluid potential, this paper put forward a method studying the oil/gas migration and accumulation regularities in nonhomogeneous transport layer by the distribution of capillary pressure.

针对利用Hubbert流体势研究非均质输导层中油气运聚规律时存在的问题，提出了一种利用相变影响的毛细管阻力分布特征，研究油气在非均质输导层中运聚规律的方法。

The development of oil cells in stem, leaf, flower and seed of Magnolia denudata was studied with the methods of paraffine section and semithin section.

利用石蜡切片法及半薄切片法对玉兰茎、叶、花和种子中油细胞的发育进行了研究。

The total numbers of oil-gas fields in a petroliferous basin are calculated by means of Weibull method.

用维布尔分布法逼近含油气盆地中油气田的总数量。

These tests show that: 1. suction decreases with the increase of the water saturation in the chalk; 2. stress variants proposed are available for describing the stress state of the unsaturated chalk; 3. preconsolidation pressure increases with suction, while the effects of suction on the compressibility coefficients λ and κ are not evident; 4. as usual unsaturated soils, the permeability to oil of chalk increases with the suction; 5. yield strength of the chalk behaves with volumetric strain hardening; 6. cohesive behaviour of the chalk is related to the stress level, and relation between time-dependent deformation and logt is linear; 7. cohesion of the chalk decreases with the increase of the suction, while the elastic stiffness and the cohesion coefficient increase; 8. strength and elastic modulus increase with the strain rate, while the strain at the peak strength decreases with the increase of the strain rate.

试验结果表明，白垩中的虹吸力随水饱和度的降低而提高；吸力、水饱和度和强度的变化过程均与时间有关；可用由理论分析得到的应力状态变量描述非饱和白垩的平衡状态；前期固结压力随吸力增加而提高，而压缩指数λ与κ则同吸力无关；应力大于前期固结压力时，粘性变形与时间的对数关系曲线呈线性关系，其大小和增长速率均随吸力减小而增大，可视为白垩弹性刚度降低和粘性系数增大的结果；前期固结压力和变形模量随着应变速率的提高而提高，压缩指数κ和λ则随应变速率的提高而减小；应变速率较低时，粘性和吸力对前期固结压力及压缩指数的影响较小；白垩中油的渗透性随着吸力增加而提高；白垩在屈服阶段具有明显的体积应变硬化特性。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。