中枢神经系统

RESULTS: Thirty-two cases were anencephalia, 31 hydrocephalus, 4 hydroancncephalus, 11 neningocele or encephalomeningocele, 25 spinal meningocele with myeloschisis, 12 Dandy-Walker deformity, 11 schizencephaly of forebrain and 22 choroid plexus cyst among the 148 fetuses. There were different expressions in various CNS deformities, which were correlated with abnormal development of embryo.

结果：148例中枢神经系统畸形胎儿中，无脑儿32例，脑积水3l例，积水性无脑4例，脑膜或脑脑膜膨出11例，脊柱裂脊膜膨出者25例，Dandy-Walker畸形12例，前脑无裂畸形11例，脉络丛囊22例，不同类型的中枢神经系统畸形有不同声像图表现，并与其胚胎发育过程异常相关。

These results suggest that the activate spleen-energy method can achieve appetitive purpose by not only affecting the gastrointestinal tract function in periphery, but also regulating the process of ingestion in brain. The basic research about ingestion indicate: one hand, after food enters the gastro-intestinal tract, the endocrine cell of the intestinal tract is activated and secrete many kinds of brains intestines peptide, the level of the brain intestines peptide in blood as the periphery signal spreads to the central nervous system regions that control digest and feeding behavior. On the other hand, it has been shown that dorsal parabranchial neurons, containing CCK-8S, extend fibers to the VMH and are involved in the inhibition of feeding .

关于摄食控制的基础研究表明，一方面食物进入胃肠道后，激活肠道的内分泌细胞，分泌多种脑肠肽如CCK-8S，这些脑肠肽在血中的水平作为外周信号可通过"肠—脑轴"传入中枢神经系统介导消化和摄食行为的部位，影响摄食中枢神经元的活动调节动物的摄食行为；另一方面中枢神经元可合成释放内源性的神经肽直接作用于摄食中枢神经元调节摄食，如中枢鳃旁体神经元的神经纤维就可延伸到达VMH，并且合成释放内源性的CCK-8S。

The course will start with an overview of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the development of their structure and major divisions. The major functional components of the CNS will then be reviewed individually. Topography, functional distribution of nerve cell bodies, ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. Brainstem organization and functional components, including cranial nerve nuclei, ascending / descending pathways, amine-containing cells, structure and information flow in the cerebellar and vestibular systems. Distribution of the cranial nerves, resolution of their skeletal and branchial arch components. Functional divisions of the Diencephalon and Telencephalon. The course will then continue with how these various CNS pieces and parts work together.

这门课将会从中枢和周边神经系统构造的发展和主要的分化点来概述，中枢神经系统的主要功能将会在复习中个别地说明：神经细胞体的断层以及功能性的分布、脊髓内上升和下降神经束的特征学和功能分布；脑干组织和功能要素，包括脑神经核、上升和下降神经束走向、含胺基酸脑激素细胞的分布、小脑和内耳前庭系统的构造和资讯传导流；颅神经的分布、骨弓和腮弓的演化；间脑和终脑的功能与分类；这门课将会探讨这些不同的中枢神经系统如何一起作用。

The first pathogenetic gene identified is α-synuclein, but its phathological mechanism is unknown. In previous study, it's demonstrated that all synuclein isoforms expressed massively in early embryologic development of the central nervous system.

先前有研究指出所有的synuclein异构型在胚胎发育早期即在中枢神经系统被大量表现，显示这一类基因对中枢神经系统的发育可能是很重要的，但是研究synuclein在胚胎早期发育方面的相关研究则较少。

Background Evidences, from recent studies, suggested that Borna disease virus infection might be associated with human neuropsychosis, especially psychiatric disorders including depressive disorder.

背景 博尔纳病病毒(Borna disease virus，BDV)是一种高度嗜神经的RNA病毒，是人畜共患病博尔纳病(Borna disease，BD)的病原体，可引起从鸟到灵长类的多种动物的中枢神经系统感染[1]，表现为以中枢神经系统功能障碍为特征的BD。

Paradise fish has regular and ritual process of agonistic interaction which can be separated into three phases, namely, initial phase, threatening phase, and fighting phase. In initial phase, two fish encounter and swim close to each other. In threatening phase, two fish display shaking, head-tail swimming to threat their opponent.

目前已知敌对行为牵涉到中枢神经系统的调控，尤以中枢神经系统中的血清张力素神经元被许多研究学者指出是与敌对行为调控相关，但尚未确定血清张力素神经元在动物进行敌对行为过程中是如何的参与其中调控。

The center of adjusting the appetite in the body activities lies in the nervous system,the root cause of apositia is controlling disorder of the central nervous system,this sdudy intends to establish an animal model of apositia with the function of central inhibition according to the cause of disease to give some reference for pharmacological research of apositia.

因机体调节食欲的中枢在神经系统，厌食的根本原因在于中枢神经系统调控失常，故本研究拟建立符合致病原因的中枢抑制性厌食症动物模型，为厌食症的药理学研究提供参考依据。瘦素是肥胖基因的产物，是白色脂肪细胞分泌的一种由167个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质。

When MR imaging shows thickening and enhancement of the pituitary stalk and associated leptomeningeal disease as in this case, sarcoidosis is a very strong possibility, along with meningitis, particularly fungal.

结节病为一种不明原因的炎性病变，可以影像多个系统，包括中枢神经系统，女性多见，大于10：1，黑人比白人更多见，15%病人累及中枢神经系统，5%有神经症状，脑神经功能障碍和尿崩症是最常见的神经系统结节病的临床表现，MR改变包括脑膜增厚及强化，孤立性肿块或多发性小，散在的脑膜或实质病变，此例病例中MR图像出现增厚强化的垂体蒂伴有软脑膜病变，强烈提示结节病，伴随脑膜炎尤其是真菌性，通常T2表现为低信号，虽然这些也能够在霉菌病/淋巴瘤/脑膜瘤中看到。

The results were compared among 4 groups. Results:①OCB positive rate was 37% in MS patients, which was lower than other reports, 24% in central nervous system infectious diseases group,5% in central nervous system non-infectious diseases group and 0 in peripheral nervous system diseases group,respectively.②OCB positive rate in conventional MS was 56%, which was higher than that in neuromyelitis optica.

结果①多发性硬化组OCB阳性率为37%，中枢神经系统感染组为24%，中枢神经系统非感染性疾病组为5%，外周神经系统疾病组为0；多发性硬化组的OCB阳性率比其他各组高，但低于国外报道的阳性率；②多发性硬化患者中传统型多发性硬化组OCB阳性率为56%，高于视神经脊髓炎组的11%。

These results suggest that the activate spleen-energy method can achieve appetitive purpose by not only affecting the gastrointestinal tract function in periphery, but also regulating the process of ingestion in brain. The basic research about ingestion indicate: one hand, after food enters the gastro-intestinal tract, the endocrine cell of the intestinal tract is activated and secrete many kinds of brains intestines peptide, the level of the brain intestines peptide in blood as the periphery signal spreads to the central nervous system regions that control digest and feeding behavior. On the other hand, it has been shown that dorsal parabranchial neurons, containing CCK-8S, extend fibers to the VMH and are involved in the inhibition of feeding .

关于摄食控制的基础研究表明，一方面食物进入胃肠道后，激活肠道的内分泌细胞，分泌多种脑肠肽如CCK-8S，这些脑肠肽在血中的水平作为外周信号可通过&肠—脑轴&传入中枢神经系统介导消化和摄食行为的部位，影响摄食中枢神经元的活动调节动物的摄食行为；另一方面中枢神经元可合成释放内源性的神经肽直接作用于摄食中枢神经元调节摄食，如中枢鳃旁体神经元的神经纤维就可延伸到达VMH，并且合成释放内源性的CCK-8S。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。