中期分裂

Meiotic pachytene bivalents were obtained from porcine testes using prolonged hypotonic treatment combined with high chloroform Carnory's fixative solution. Mitotic metaphase chromosomes were prepared from blood cell culture. Comparative studies on division index and length of pachytene bivalents and mitosis metaphase chromosomes showed that those of the former are 5 times higher and 3.42(1.87～5.98) times longer than the latter, respectively. Chromomere maps of bivalents are more abundant than mitotic metaphase G-bands, while they are correspondent with mitotic early-metaphase G-bands. The result was found by using the chromosome 12 as a sample.

以性成熟公猪睾丸和外周血为材料，采用长低渗、高氯仿卡诺固定液固定和外周血细胞培养制备减数分裂粗线期二价体和有丝分裂中期染色体，通过对二价体和有丝分裂中期染色体分裂指数和长度的比较研究，发现二价体的分裂指数和长度分别是有丝分裂中期染色体的5倍和3.42倍(1.87～5.98)；同时以12号染色体为例，比较了二价体上的染色粒结构带与有丝分裂中期染色体G-带，表明染色粒结构带比中期染色体G-带带纹丰富，而与早中期G-带带纹吻合。

Two signals of 45S rDNA were mapped on the mitotic metaphase chromosomes in the F1 hybrids, respectively, and one signal was present on a bivalent during meiotic of synaptene, diakinesis, and metaphase I. We inferred that the two mitotic chromosomes carrying 45S rDNA were homolo-gous pairs.

在有丝分裂中期染色体上2个杂种分别检测到2个杂交信号，在减数分裂粗线期、终变期、中期Ⅰ染色体上45S rDNA位于一个二价体上，说明这两个杂种携带45S rDNA的染色体为同源染色体。

Results showed that the PMC meiosis of autotetraploid was similar to the diploid except some particularities. In metaphase Ⅰ, multivalent, quadrivalent, trivalent, bivalent and univalent were observed and some of the chromosomes were found not to rank on the metaphase plate and so did in metaphase Ⅱ cells. In anaphase Ⅰ and anaphase Ⅱ cells, there were lagging chromosomes, chromosome bridge and fragment. During anaphase Ⅱ and telophase Ⅱ, chromosome segregation was not synchronous or equal. At tetrad stage, dyad, triad, tetrad with micronucleus and polyad appeared.

结果表明，同源四倍体花粉母细胞减数分裂过程与二倍体相比，中期Ⅰ染色体构型复杂，有多价体、四价体、三价体、二价体和单价体；中期Ⅰ及中期Ⅱ有部分染色体没有排列在赤道板上；后期Ⅰ及后期Ⅱ出现落后染色体、染色体桥及断片；后期Ⅱ和末期Ⅱ有染色体不同步分离及不等分裂的现象；四分体时期还出现二分体、三分体、含微核的异常四分体及多分体。

The results were as follows:The first, there were significantly differences percent between 0.6μg/mlgroups and other three groups (0.2μg/ml groups, 0.4μg/ml groups and 0.8μg/mlgroups) in 2 hour groups; and there were significantly differences between0.4μg/ml groups and other three groups in 4 hour groups; and there weresignificantly differences between 0.6μg/ml groups and other three groups in 6hour groups; and there were significantly differences between 0.4μg/ml groupsand other three groups in 8 hour groups on the metaphases (P＜0.05), in theexperiment of the effect on the mouse 4- cell embryo stage single blastomere ofcolchicine with different concentrations and duration, by x~2 statistical analysis.

实验结果如下：1、在确定秋水仙素不同处理浓度和时间对小鼠4-细胞期胚胎单卵裂球中期分裂相数影响的实验中，经统计分析，阻断培养2小时组中0.6μg／ml浓度组与其他三组差异显著(0.2μg／ml组、0.4μg／ml组和0.8μg／ml组)；阻断培养4小时组中0.4μg／ml浓度组与其他三组差异显著；阻断培养6小时组中0.6μg／ml浓度组与其他三组差异显著；阻断培养8小时组中0.4μg／ml浓度组与其他三组差异显著(P＜0.05)。

So we selected thevinblastine optimum parameters were 0.1μg/ml and 8 hour cultured duration.The fourth, there were significantly differences percent between 10 hourgroups and other three groups in 0.1μg/ml groups; and there were no significantlydifferences between 8 hour groups and 10 hour groups, but they had significantlydifferences among other two groups in 0.3μg/ml groups; and there weresignificantly differences between 10 hour groups and other three hour groups in0.5μg/ml groups; and there were significantly differences between 10 hour groupsand other three groups in 0.7μg/ml groups on the metaphases (P＜0.05), in theexperiment of the effect on the mouse 8- cell embryo stage single blastomere ofvinblastine with different concentrations and duration, by x~2 statistical analysis.

根据实验的实际情况，适宜制备小鼠4-细胞期胚胎单卵裂球染色体标本的长春花碱的处理浓度和时间是0.1μg／ml和8小时。4、在确定长春花碱不同处理浓度和时间对小鼠8-细胞期胚胎单卵裂球中期分裂相数影响的实验中，经统计分析，阻断培养0.1μg／ml浓度组中10小时组与其他三组差异显著；阻断培养0.3μg／ml浓度组中8小时组和10小时组间差异不显著，但与其他两组差异显著；阻断培养0.5μg／ml浓度组中10小时组与其他三组差异显著；阻断培养0.7μg／ml浓度组中10小时组与其他三组差异显著(P＜0.05)。

All metaphases showed three distinct green signals, which have the same size and intensity, corresponding to a normal chromosome 8 and two isochromosomes 8q, and five red signals, of which one was located on a normal chromosome 8 and the another two quite symmetrically on the both arms of each isochromosome 8q, respectively.

结果发现：所有中期分裂相均显示3个绿色荧光杂交信号和5个红色荧光杂交信号；2个绿色荧光杂交信号分别位于2条等臂8q染色体着丝粒处，信号大小和强度均与位于正常8号染色体着丝粒处的1个绿色荧光杂交信号相当；1个红色荧光杂交信号位于正常8号染色体长臂上，另外2个红色荧光杂交信号非常对称地位于每一条等臂8q染色体的两条长臂上。

So we selected the colchicine optimumparameters were 0.2μg/ml and 6 hour cultured duration.The third, there were significantly differences percent between 10 hourgroups and other three groups (4 hour groups, 6 hour groups and 8 hour groups) in0.1μg/ml groups; and there were significantly differences between 8 hour groupsand 10 hour groups, but they had no significantly differences among other twogroups in 0.3μg/ml groups; and there were significantly differences between 10hour groups and 6 hour groups, but 10 hour groups had no significantlydifferences among other two groups in 0.5μg/ml groups; and there weresignificantly differences between 8 hour groups and other three groups in0.7μg/ml groups on the metaphases (P＜0.05), in the experiment of the effect onthe mouse 4- cell embryo stage single blastomere of vinblastine with differentconcentrations and duration, by x~2 statistical analysis.

根据实验的实际情况，适宜制备小鼠8-细胞期胚胎单卵裂球染色体标本的秋水仙素的处理浓度和时间是0.2μg／ml和6小时。3、在确定长春花碱不同处理浓度和时间对小鼠4-细胞期胚胎单卵裂球中期分裂相数影响的实验中，经统计分析，阻断培养0.1μg／ml浓度组中10小时组与其他三组差异显著(4小时组、6小时组和8小时组)；阻断培养0.3μg／ml浓度组中8小时组和10小时组间差异不显著，但与其他两组差异显著；阻断培养0.5μg／ml浓度组中10小时组与6小时组差异不显著，而与其他两组差异显著；阻断培养0.7μg／ml浓度组中8小时组与其他三组差异显著(P＜0.05)。

Sowe selected the vinblastine optimum parameters were 0.1μg/ml and 8 hourcultured duration.The fifth, there were significantly differences between 0.45% sodium chloride groups and other two groups (0.5% sodium citrate groups and 0.35%potassium chloride groups) on the metaphases (P＜0.05), in the experiment of theeffect on the mouse 4-and 8-cell embryo stage single blastomere of differenthypotonic fluids, by x~2 statistical analysis.

根据实验的实际情况，适宜制备小鼠8-细胞期胚胎单卵裂球染色体标本的长春花碱的处理浓度和时间是0.1μg／ml和10小时。5、在确定不同种类低渗液处理对小鼠4、8-细胞期胚胎单卵裂球中期分裂相数影响的实验中，经统计分析，0.45％氯化钠低渗液组与其他两组(0.5％柠檬酸钠和0.35％氯化钾)差异显著(P＜0.05)。

With the seeds of artificially cultivated 2-year-old A. heterophyllum as tested materials, the cells in metaphase in the seeds were made for observation, statistic and karyotype analysis, and based on the 2 main features of length ratio and arm ratio of chromosome, the karyotypes were classified according to the criteria of Stebbins.

方法］以人工栽培的2年生异叶天南星种子为试材，观察种子中的中期分裂相细胞并对其进行统计和核型分析，其核型分类根据核型中染色体的长度比和臂比2项主要特征，按Stebbins的标准进行划分。

Under the optimal combination of the three factors and three levels many clear, proper length and well-scattered metaphase chromosomes could be obtained.

并可获得大量图象清晰、长度适中、分散良好的中期分裂相，是皱纹盘鲍活体倍性检测的最佳方法。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。