中国-伦敦

In Manchukuo there was an ongoing campaign to defeat the volunteer armies that arose from the popular frustration at the policy of nonresistance to the Japanese. In 1933, the Japanese attacked the Great Wall region, and in its wake the Tanggu Truce was signed, which gave Japan the control of Rehe province and a demilitarized zone between the Great Wall and Beiping-Tianjin region.

这个时候，似乎是为了表达对中国政府奉行的一直遭受挫败的不抵抗日本军队的政策的不满，在被日本人占领的中国满洲地区出现了许多抵抗日军占领和和反对伪满洲国统治的抗日义勇军，虽然说此后这些义勇军一直遭到日本人和伪满洲国军队的攻击。1933年日本军队对长城地区进行攻击，随后中国政府又被迫签署塘沽停战协定，该协定的签署又让日军控制了中国的热河省并迫使中国承认北平和长城之间的地区即天津地区成为非军事区。

Based on the pectination of university, culture and other conceptions involved, the essay educes that the university culture is the summation of the spirit and matter production which includes the ideas of running a school, the style and the feature of the spirit, the academic atmosphere, the rules, the value standard, the manner of the students, the campus environment and etc.

本文以历史研究为基本方法，运用文化分析的工具，以百年中国大学波澜壮阔的发展为背景，对中国大学文化作了系统解构和研究，主要阐明的是中国大学文化发展演变的历史、内涵、特点、现实意义及其创新，力图反映中国大学文化的中国特色是贯穿论文的主线。

The western world is used to looking at Chinese contemporary art as a peep show, a revealing of a dictatorial country's dark scenes. As a matter of fact, the political scene of China today is not comparable to its past; China is more and more integrated to the world, and Chinese artists have already changed from passive creation to initiative-driven creation. The art works by Chinese artists no longer convey the government's will, but, at the same time, don't necessarily convey the intention of the nation or the intellectuals, either.

西方世界对中国当代文化一直是采用偷窥的视角，认为是在揭露一个专制国家的黑幕，其实中国的政治已经今非昔比，中国正在融入国际大家庭，中国的艺术家也早就从被动写作变成主动写作了，艺术家笔下的中国现实是艺术家的个人观点，不再代表官方意志，同时也未必代表整个民众或者进步的知识界。

Looking through history changes in the whole 20th century,Chinese penology has experience the evolution process other start,the initial establishment and the turning and development stages,from which we get some experiences and enlightenments be—ing very important form Chinese Penology to further develop in the 21the century.

通览20世纪中国历史的演变，中国监狱学经历了肇始、初创、转型发展的进化过程，从中沉积的经验教训给了我们重要的启示，这对21世纪中国监狱学的发展走向是非常重要的。21世纪的中国监狱学，应从继承、移植、创新的战略思路出发，采取综合性研究方法，来求得发展，并随着祖国统一大业的完成，必将成为完全统一的中国监狱学。

The basically frame of the thesis is:1 behave and specialty of joining the WTO to Chinese political development"s influencing(1) Acting each other of economy and politics(2) Influence and exhibition of political development(3) Total characteristic of Chinese political development taking on after joining the WTO.2 New challenge to Chinese political development after joining the WTO(1) Increase of participate in politics and grade of democratization(2) Adapting to the WTO"s economy of legal system(3) Again orientation of government and market(4) Rebirth of ad minis rational culture(5) Removing system"s obstacle, ensuring efficient unblocked of circulate mechanism(6) Maintenance of national3 countermeasure of Chinese political development after joining WTO(1) Thought of guidance(2) Strengthen legislation of nation, carry through justice innovation(3) Pouter"s choice of Chinese characteristic democracy(4) Criterion in reason of government"s power, advancing to degree of science decision-making(5) Government management mode"s transformation(6) Pushing advanced view of administrational value

论文基本框架如下：一、入世对中国政治发展影响的表现及特点经济与政治的互动入世对政治发展的影响和表现入世后中国政治发展呈现的总的特点二、加入WTO后，对中国政治发展提出的新挑战政治参与民主化程度的提高适应们的法制经济政府与市场的重新定位行政文化观更新排除体制性障碍，保证运行机制的高效畅通国家利益的维护三、加入们后，中国政治发展的对策指导思想加强国内立法，进行司法改革有中国特色的民主政治的路径选择政府权力合理规范，提高诀策科学化程度转变政府管理方式推行先进的行政价值观

The established models in which annual precipitation was incorporated as the principal variable indicate a very closely correlation between forest productivity and its corresponding climatic factors,allowing to simulate distribution pattern of actual forest productivity effectiv...

结果表明：在所构建的模型中，除海拔高度与净生产力的相关模型外，其它模型均有较高的实用价值，模型的拟合曲线变化，基本反映了中国森林现实生产力的地理分布格局；中国森林生产力的分布格局主要取决于气候环境中的水热条件，水分条件是决定中国大部分地区森林生产力水平和地理分布格局的主导因素；根据7个GCMs大气环流模型预测合成的2030年的气候情景，研究气候变化对中国森林生产力影响的结果是：气候变化并没有改变中国森林第一性生产力的地理分布格局，即从东南向西北森林生产力递减趋势不变，但不同地域的森林生产力有不同程度的增加。

Sc.1983 Institute of Project Planning and Research (Changed name to IPPR Engineering International since Oct.2001 、 United to China IPPR Engineering Corporation).Now, President of China IPPR Engineering Corporation, President of IPPR Engineering International, Chief Architect, Professorate Senior Architect, State Grade A Registered Architect State Registered City Planner.

大学毕业后一直在中国中元国际工程公司（曾用名机械部设计研究总院、中元国际工程设计研究院）工作，研究员级高级建筑师、国务院特殊津贴专家，现任公司总裁、总建筑师，担任北京市勘察设计协会常务理事、中国机械工业勘察设计协会常务理事、中国勘察设计协会常务理事、中国建筑学会常务理事、中国建筑学会建筑师分会工业建筑学术委员会主任委员。

When probing the background and motivation of the formation and development of government-oriented system in Chinese competitive sports, some factors must be paid attention to. They are:(1) Chinese citizens have strong collective psychological demand to the moment when the national flag is raised and the national anthem is rehearsed.

在探讨中国竞技体育"举国体制"形成和发展演变的背景和动因时，有几点"国情"因素是值得注意的，这就是：第一，当代中国国民对中国运动员在国际重大赛事上夺取优异成绩，升起中国国旗，奏响中国国歌具有极为强烈的集体心理要求。

Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, the Chinese people of all nationalities will continue to adhere to the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist road, persevere in reform and opening to the outside world, steadily improve socialist institutions, develop socialist democracy, improve the socialist legal system and work hard and self-reliantly to modernize the country's industry, agriculture, national defence and science and technology step by step to turn China into a socialist country that is prosperous, powerful, democratic and culturally advanced", is revised to read,"The victory in China's New-Democratic Revolution and the successes in its socialist cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all nationalities, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, by upholding truth, correcting errors and surmounting numerous difficulties and hardships.

中国各族人民将继续在中国共产党领导下，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想指引下，坚持人民民主专政，坚持社会主义道路，坚持改革开放，不断完善社会主义的各项制度，发展社会主义民主，健全社会主义法制，自力更生，艰苦奋斗，逐步实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家。"修改为："中国新民主主义革命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就，是中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的指引下，坚持真理，修正错误，战胜许多艰难险阻而取得的。

Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism- Leninsm and Mao Zedong Thought, the Chinese people of all nationalities will continue to adhere to the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist road, persevere in reform and opening to the outside world, steadily improve socialist institutions, develop socialist democracy, improve the socialist legal system and work hard and self-reliantly to modernize the country's industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology step by step to turn China into a socialist country that is prosperous, powerful, democratic and culturally advanced," is revised as follows:"Both the victory in China's New- Democratic Revolution and the successes in its socialist cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all nationalities, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and guidance of Marxism- Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, by upholding truth, correcting errors and surmounting numerous difficulties and hardships.

中国各族人民将继续在中国共产党领导下，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想指引下，坚持人民民主专政，坚持社会主义道路，坚持改革开放，不断完善社会主义的各项制度，发展社会主义民主，健全社会主义法制，自力更生，艰苦奋斗，逐步实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家。"修改为："中国新民主主义革命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就，是中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的指引下，坚持真理，修正错误，战胜许多艰难险阻而取得的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。