中古的

Nonetheless, Carnival in the Black Forest region Carnival differs from Carnival in other regions in that it preserves a much more primitive flavor, taking as its costume theme the spirits and demons of the natural world -- a throwback to the region's primeval animism -- mixed with legends and customs from the Middle Ages, signifying the Swabian and Alemanni people's determination to maintain the vibrancy of old traditions in the face of Church efforts to suppress them.

这样的想法起源与欧洲各地的嘉年华并无二致，都是沿循自基督教诞生之前的久远异教徒风俗，可是，在表现方式上，黑森林的嘉年华就明显多了浓烈的原始风格，取材自然界精灵、魔鬼的扮相造型，即便加上中古世纪广为流通的传说、典故，以及教会不断想要介入干预的情况，黑森林地区的「史瓦本－阿勒曼尼」嘉年华活动依旧维持著原本的强烈风格。

" The Greek military leader and historian Xenophon, who served with Greek mercenaries in Persia, first used the Greek word paradeisos adopted from the Avestan word to refer to the Persian kings' and nobles' parks or pleasure grounds. This Greek word extended to mean "garden" or "orchard was an obvious choice for translators of the Bible into Greek to use both for the Garden of Eden and the Abode of the Blessed, or heaven. The Greek word was adopted into Late Latin and was used much as we might expect in its biblical senses in ecclesiastical Latin. The Old English word paradis taken from Latin is found, but our word probably really established itself in Middle English (first recorded before 1200), derived both from Latin and from Old French, which had adopted the word from Latin. paradise.

曾随希腊雇佣军到波斯服役的希腊军事将领和历史学家色诺芬，首先使用了希腊语词paradeisos，，该词采用了阿维斯陀词，指波斯国王和贵族们的花园或游乐场，这个希腊词衍生到表示"花园"或"果园"，显然是译者在把《圣经》翻译成希腊文时所做出的选择，以用来表明伊甸园和天国或天堂，有这两种含义的希腊词被引入后期的拉丁语中且当它们在教会拉丁文（后期拉丁语paradisus 中意为《圣经》方面的意义时被更广泛地使用，古英语paradis 一词来自拉丁文，但我们用的这个词可能在中古英语（首次记录在1200年前）中真正确立了起来，人们发现它源于拉丁文和从拉丁文中采纳了这个词的古法语

This paper mainly adopts the study methods of traditional dialectology. Based on the fieldwork, the paper describes the phonetic system of Chengkan dialect in detail.

本文主要采用传统方言学的研究方法，在两次田野调查的基础上，对呈坎方言的语音系统进行了较为全面、细致的描写，整理出了呈坎方言音系、同音字汇、儿化韵表、词汇表、语法例句及呈坎方言与中古语音声韵调对照表，总结了该方言的音韵特点，归纳了儿化和文白异读的规律，初步讨论了古全浊声母的今读和韵母的特点两个专题。

A number of topics are incorporated into the broad chronological sweep of the course, including: the Germanic conquest of the ancient Mediterranean world; the rise of a distinct northern culture and the Carolingian Renaissance; the emergence of feudalism and the breakdown of political order; contact with the Byzantine and Islamic East and the Crusading movement; the quality of religious life; the vitality of the high medieval economy and culture; and the catastrophes of the fourteenth century.

课程的编排顺序大致分成几个主题：日尔曼民族之征服古地中海世界；独立的北方文化兴起与加洛林王朝的文艺复兴；封建制度的崛起与政治秩序的瓦解；与拜占庭、伊斯兰东方之接触及十字军运动；宗教生活的特色；中古世纪经济和文化的活力；以及十四世纪的巨灾。

In terms of faunal geographical elements of grasshopper communities, 48 species of grasshopper were recorded, belonging to 31 genera, 7 families. Among those species, the palaearctic species with 41 species recorded are dominant, accounting for 85.42% of the total species number of the region; the endemic species with 2 species, accounting for a comparable small part; the widly-distributed accounting for a relatively larger proportion, with 5 species and 10.42% of the total.

从蝗虫的区系地理成分来看，长白山地区共有48种蝗虫构成了蝗虫群落，它们隶属于7科，31属；其中古北种占有绝对优势地位，计41种，占该区蝗虫总数的85.42％；东洋种所占比例较小，只有2种，占总数的4.17％；广布种5种，占该区蝗虫总数的10.42％；特有种所占比例较小，只有5种，占该区蝗虫总数的10.42％。

During the transitional period from the medieval times to modern times in West Europe, the supernaturalistic and irrationalistic Christian concept of theocracy of the Middle Ages gradually gave way to emotional pursuit of secular, naturalistic and rationalistic values.

在西欧由中古向近代过渡阶段，中世纪出世的、超自然主义的、非理性主义的基督教神权观念始逐渐让位于新兴市民阶级入世的、自然主义的、理性主义的价值情感追求。

The $32 million inventory write-down we took in 2003 occurred because of falling prices for used aircraft early in the year. Specifically, we bought back fractions from withdrawing owners at prevailing prices, and these fell in value before we were able to remarket them. Prices are now stable.

我们在2003年认列的3200万存货跌价损失，其发生的原因在于当年度中古飞机价格下滑的因素，其中较特别的是我们以当时的市场价格从一些退订的客户手中买回部份所有权，而在我们再度将他们出售之前，市场价格进一步滑落所致，目前市场价格已趋于稳定。

A third question is the extent to which the sources--the Avesta with the Gathas, the Middle Persian Pahlavi Books, and reports of various Greek authors--offer an authentic guide to Zoroaster's ideas.

第三个问题就是哪一部分的原始资料——阿维斯陀，连同着迦特（赞美诗，中古波斯巴拉维语的书籍），以及不同的希腊作者的叙述——对琐罗亚斯德的思想提供可靠的指引。

My claim is that the civilisation shared by most Prospect readers is humanist, a relatively young global civilisation based on the post-medieval, Italian-Dutch-Anglo-American tradition of the constitutional, commercial society.

我的主张是大部份本杂志的阅读者所分享的文明是人文主义文明，一个相对年轻的，建基於中古、义大利荷兰英国美国立宪的商业社会的传统之上。

Among the three great Middle English poets, the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the one who produced the best romancce of the period; while William Langland is a more realistic writer who dealt with the religious and social issues of his day in Piers Plowman.

在三个重要的中古英语诗人中间，《 Gawain 和绿色骑士》的作者是创作出该时期最好罗曼司的一个；同时 William Langland 是一位更加现实主义的作者，在他的年代站在码头和农夫的生活上处理宗教和社会问题。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。