中古

The development of nationalist sentiment in Catalonia can be traced back to before the Middle Ages. In those times Catalonia already had political organizations as well as the most robust stronghold for a collective Catalonian identity, namely the broadly and intensively used Catalan language.

加泰罗尼亚之民族情素的产生，可溯自中古世纪以前，当时就已经有政治机关存在，且拥有最坚固的加泰罗尼亚集体身分的堡垒，那就是广泛且密集地使用加泰罗尼亚语。

In those times Catalonia already had political organizations as well as the most robust stronghold for a collective Catalonian identity, namely the broadly and intensively used Catalan language.

加泰罗尼亚之民族情素的产生，可溯自中古世纪以前，当时就已经有政治机关存在，且拥有最坚固的加泰罗尼亚集体身分的堡垒，那就是广泛且密集地使用加泰罗尼亚语。

The last angle of this paper was discussing the function of Buddhist Monasteries in Dunhuang area during the mediaeval times , analyzing the relationship between Dunhuang Buddhist Monasteries and various social stratums, different nationalities and so on, uncovering the function to the Government of Guiyijun and the social life of common people in Dunhuang and even Hexi area, manifesting the characteristic of its earthliness as the religious opening space of social populace, showed the infiltration Buddhism performed in the public business, and making new beneficial attempt to elucidate the social function of Buddhist.

本文研究的另一视角系探讨敦煌僧寺在中古敦煌地区的活动情况，与不同阶层、不同民族人群的关系，从而展示其在敦煌乃至河西地区世俗政权、下层民众社会生活中的作用，凸现其作为社会群众的宗教性场所的人间性与世俗性的特征，全面体现佛教对世俗社会事务的渗透，并对佛教的社会功能的诠释上做出新的有益的尝试。

In terms of faunal geographical elements of grasshopper communities, 48 species of grasshopper were recorded, belonging to 31 genera, 7 families. Among those species, the palaearctic species with 41 species recorded are dominant, accounting for 85.42% of the total species number of the region; the endemic species with 2 species, accounting for a comparable small part; the widly-distributed accounting for a relatively larger proportion, with 5 species and 10.42% of the total.

从蝗虫的区系地理成分来看，长白山地区共有48种蝗虫构成了蝗虫群落，它们隶属于7科，31属；其中古北种占有绝对优势地位，计41种，占该区蝗虫总数的85.42％；东洋种所占比例较小，只有2种，占总数的4.17％；广布种5种，占该区蝗虫总数的10.42％；特有种所占比例较小，只有5种，占该区蝗虫总数的10.42％。

Although his conception of history was feudally historical idealism, Xun Zi carried on and developed Confucius'thought of ruling the state with proprieties and ceremonies; he criticized and absorbed those scholars'thoughts in pre-Qin times; he made a thorough research into the deep intension of the propriety and ceremony system from humane and historic angle, meanwhile he expanded the system's extension from the latitude of society, politics, human life, and m...

尽管其历史观具有浓厚的唯心主义色彩，但是他继承并发展了孔子儒家以礼治国的思想，批判总结先秦诸子思想又多有融合，从人文和历史的高度挖掘礼仪制度的深层蕴涵，从社会、政治、人生、道德等纬度全面开拓礼仪制度的广泛外延，从而构筑了博大精深的儒家礼学思想体系，奠定了上古殷周文化模式向中古封建文化模式转型的理论基础。

Although his conception of history was feudally historical idealism, Xun Zi carried on and developed Confucius＇ thought of ruling the state with proprieties and ceremonies; he criticized and absorbed those scholars＇ thoughts in pre-Qin times; he made a thorough research into the deep intension of the propriety and ceremony system from humane and historic angle, meanwhile he expanded the system＇ s extension from the latitude of society, politics, human life, and morality.

尽管其历史观具有浓厚的唯心主义色彩，但是他继承并发展了孔子儒家以礼治国的思想，批判总结先秦诸子思想又多有融合，从人文和历史的高度挖掘礼仪制度的深层蕴涵，从社会、政治、人生、道德等纬度全面开拓礼仪制度的广泛外延，从而构筑了博大精深的儒家礼学思想体系，奠定了上古殷周文化模式向中古封建文化模式转型的理论基础。

There was no clear understanding regarding the details of instruments and their playing techniques, so important in devising an improvisatory performance style. Indeed, very little was actually known about medieval instruments.

那时候我们不仅不像现在这样愿意接受一支乐曲可以存在不同的版本、并且每个版本同样具有相当的艺术价值和可信度，更缺乏即兴演奏所需要的对中古乐器及其技巧的熟知。

During the transitional period from the medieval times to modern times in West Europe, the supernaturalistic and irrationalistic Christian concept of theocracy of the Middle Ages gradually gave way to emotional pursuit of secular, naturalistic and rationalistic values.

在西欧由中古向近代过渡阶段，中世纪出世的、超自然主义的、非理性主义的基督教神权观念始逐渐让位于新兴市民阶级入世的、自然主义的、理性主义的价值情感追求。

It has the general shape of a torus, like a donut. As with the Jewish dish kugel, the name 'gugelhupf' is related to the Middle High German word Kugel meaning "ball" or "globe".

它通常呈环状花托的样子，在犹太附菜中，&gugelhupf&这个名字与中古高地德语单词&Kugel&的含义&球状物&或&球体&相关。

It has the general shape of a torus, like a donut. As with theJewish dish kugel, the name 'gugelhupf' is related to the MiddleHigh German word Kugel meaning "ball" or "globe".

它通常呈环状花托的样子，在犹太附菜中，&gugelhupf&这个名字与中古高地德语单词&Kugel&的含义&球状物&或&球体&相关。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。