中世纪

After the intermediate stage in the Medieval Europe, the deed theories of Hebrew culture was not only enormously promoted the economic development , with contracting freedom inherited from the ancient Rome culture, Moreover, it had expedited the people sovereignty theories. After the combination of the neoteric commodity economy with the theories of Christianity"s original sin, belief doctrine, and the wealth view, which gave birth to the supreme status of constitution, and the conception of equality, freedom, and so on. Christianity"s wealth view (especially the Protestantism ethics) enormously promoted the capitalism expansion and finally forms the conception that private property are sacrosanctity. The ideology of successive authority restriction from Christianity, and the Christianitys exercise to partial legislative power and jurisdiction power, combined with autonomous cities based on commodity economy, and the political phenomenon that merchants exerted legislative power and jurisdiction power. Those had made the mundane ruler such as king, and so on, could only take the exertion of tax revenue power as the main symbol administrative authorities. It provided historical and psychological foundation for the birth of modern decentralization theories .

希伯来文化中的"约"和古罗马的契约自由不仅极大地促进中世纪中期以后欧洲商品经济的发展，而且催生了人民主权理念；基督教的"原罪说"、信仰主义和财富观等与近代商品经济的结合，生成了宪法至上及平等、自由等权利观念；基督教的财富观极大地促进了资本主义扩大再生产的实现并最终形成私有财产神圣不可侵犯的财产权观念；基督教会传承的权力制约思想及基督教会对部分立法权和司法权的行使，与建立在商品经济基础上的自治城市及商人行使立法权、司法权等政治现象相耦合，使得国王等世俗的统治者习惯于只行使以税收权为主要标志的行政权，为近代分权学说的产生和分权制度的建立提供了历史和心理的基础。

In the middle ages it was quite common for people to make a Sage tea and drink it for ailments such as colds, fever, liver trouble, and epilepsy.

在中世纪是很常见的人，使一个智者茶叶和饮用的疾病，如感冒，发烧，肝麻烦，和癫痫。

And before Goya you have to go back to the mediaeval chaps who did the gargoyles and chimaeras on Notre Dame and Mont Saint-Michel.

这样的大师并不多，往前追溯，就只有中世纪给教堂雕刻塑像的那些修士了。

I have met with but one or two persons in the course of my life who understood the art of Walking, that is, of taking walks,-- who had a genius, so to speak, for sauntering: which word is beautifully derived "from idle people who roved about the country, in the Middle Ages, and asked charity, under pretense of going a la Sainte Terre," to the Holy Land, till the children exclaimed,"There goes a Sainte-Terrer," a Saunterer -- a Holy-Lander.

在我生命的历程中，只遇到一两个懂得"行走艺术"——更确切地说是"散步艺术"的人，他们可谓真正的天才。漫步一词可谓意境悠远：中世纪时期，在乡间流浪的闲散者，打着前往圣地(Lasainter Terre法文)的幌子，在村里乞求施舍。后来孩子们呼喊："来了一个圣徒"一个漫步者，一个朝圣者。

This involved a double standard:"sanctity" and "saintliness" came to be applied only to the "religious" person, whereas a lower attainment, compromising with the world, was tolerated in the "ordinary, secular, or lay" Christian.

在使徒教会，本质上的成圣是一个christlike纯洁性；教父教会，从污染的社会，这硬化，在中世纪的教堂，到禁欲主义，这涉及双重标准说："神圣性"和" saintliness "来，只适用於"宗教"的人，而一个较低的程度，妥协与世界，是不能容忍的，在普通的"，世俗的，或停工的"基督徒。

During the Middle Ages, when Latin continued to be used in areas such as government, religion, and education, the word ?3s} was applied to the new corporate bodies of teachers and students, as at Salerno, Paris, and Oxford, that were the ancestors of our universities of today.

在中世纪，拉丁文继续在诸如政府、宗教和教育等领域得到使用，universitas 这个词被用来指由教师和学生所构成的新联合体，比如在萨勒诺、巴黎和牛津出现的这种联合体，而这类联合体即是我们今天的大学的最初形式。

Contrary to the information published by many organizations, there is no archaeological or literary evidence to indicate that Samhain was a deity.

在中世纪，人们穿上动物造型的服饰、的戴上可怕的面具是想在万圣节前夜驱赶黑夜中的鬼怪。

Second, in this paper we recite and analyse how the painting masters of the different history stage used light and colors from "Prehistorical art" to "Rome art" imitating light and colors,"Middle ages art" creating "Sanctitude light","Revival of learning" representing nature light and colors and then light was used to create the drama light, Impressionistic using the light of science and impairing light instead emphasizing sensibility colors in modern times. Painting lives by the light and colors all along in the painting history.

从史前艺术、希腊罗马艺术的模仿光与色，到中世纪艺术创造神圣之光，再到文艺复兴的再现自然光线与色彩，然后到17世纪的主观处理光线形成"戏剧之光"、印象派的科学用光、现代绘画淡化光线并强调情感色彩，光线和色彩一直贯穿在历史的绘画长河里。

Santa Maria in Cosmedin, One of the Best medieval churches in Rome.

罗马最好的中世纪教堂之一，叫做科斯梅丁圣母堂。

Later legend made him an artist, and during the Middle Ages the picture of the Virgin Mary in Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, was ascribed to him.

后来传说，使他成为一位艺术家，并在中世纪的画面圣母玛利亚在Santa Maria Maggiore的，罗马，是归功于他。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。