中世纪

The second part is the key of this paper. The author focuses on making an induction of expressive skills, cognitive process and beauty appreciation changes on color language in western painting in different periods, from primitive society to the ancient Greece, from Middle Ages to Renaissance, from the 17~ and 19~ century to the 20~ century. At the same time, the author makes a comparison between the typical works of typical artists and analyses the typical color language and its expressive approach. In addition, the author brushes the evolution relationship contained in color, such as symbolism, decoration, mitation, abstract and expressiveness of language, with the purpose of displaying the main features of color language in different periods and discovering the evolution relationship , its necessity and sequence.

其次，本文重点归纳总结了西方美术史各阶段，包括原始社会、古希腊到中世纪、文艺复兴、十七至十九世纪直至二十世纪绘画色彩语言的表现技巧和认知过程及审美嬗变，在此基础上纵向比较了以上各阶段典型画家的典型作品中的色彩语言和表现方法，并对西方绘画中具有象征性、装饰性、模仿性、抽象性和表现性的色彩语言及其演进关系也进行了纵向逻辑梳理，从而归纳出各个时期绘画色彩语言的基本特点及其历史演进的必然性和秩序性。

Christopher Hitchens, the writer, has called him a "medieval princeling".

作家克里斯托弗希钦斯也称他是"中世纪的幼君"。

In addition to his contribution to English prosody, Chaucer also developed the art of literature itself beyond anything to be found in any other medieval literature.

除了他对英国诗体学的贡献， chaucer 还发展了英国文学自身，超过在任何其他中世纪文学中发现的任何东西。

Knight ; knightly love ; Provencal poetry ; medieval ; Western Europe

骑士；骑士的爱；普罗旺斯抒情诗；中世纪；西欧

The psaltery is a familiar musical instrument of the religious music in the Middle Ages.

索尔特里琴是欧洲中世纪宗教音乐中常见的乐器。

Medieval music use many plucked string instruments, such as lute, mandora, gittenn and psaltery.

中世纪音乐使用了很多拨弦乐器，比如鲁特琴，曼陀拉琴，吉他和索尔特里琴。

Political science, and economics. While this has neither the intellectual clarity nor rigor of the trivium and quadrivium, colleges and universities would be much improved were they to adopt the NEH curriculum.

这种课程虽然既没有理性的精确，也没有中世纪的三科四科那么严格，但是如果采用了美国人文科学基金会的推荐课程，大学就会大为改观。

While this has neither the intellectual clarity nor rigor of thetrivium and quadrivium, colleges and universities would be much improved were they to adoptthe NEH curriculum.

这种课程虽然既没有理性的精确，也没有中世纪的三科四科那么严格，但是如果采用了美国人文科学基金会的推荐课程，大学就会大为改观。

For them, education centered, not in philosophy or theology, but in the liberal arts, the trivium and quadrivium of the Middle Ages—which were roughly speaking originated by the Sophists, and came to form the perennial curriculum of education.

对于他们来说，教育中心不在于哲学或神学，而在于开明的艺术，中世纪的三学科（包括语法、逻辑学和修辞学和四大主科（算术、几何、天文、音乐）——源于智者派粗糙的言说，并且形成了多年延用的教育课程。

The Quadrivium: Science in the Medieval Curriculum Hildegard of Bingen.

四门高级学科（算术，几何，天文，音乐）：中世纪课程中的科学

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。