中世纪

Struensee managed to overhaul Denmark's public life, transforming it from virtual medievalism into the most liberal court in Europe.

为了使丹麦从近乎中世纪化的公共生活方式转变成在欧洲最自由开明的公共生活方式，施特林泽进行了彻底改革。

The Reformers denied this distinction between image and likeness upon which the works - salvation of medievalism was reared in their insistence upon the radical nature of sin and its effect upon the total being of man.

改革者否认这一点区别的形象和肖像在此基础工程-拯救中世纪被饲养在其坚持的根本性质的罪恶和其影响的总的福利的人。

Others reject this dichotomy completely and anticipate a more evolutionary path, sometimes called "the new medievalism", in which the relentless advance of information technology results in the demise of the state as we know it.

另一些人根本反对这种两分法，他们预见世界会走上一条更具有进化性的道路，这条道路有时被称为"新中世纪主义"，根据这一理论，信息技术的节节进步将导致我们现有概念中的国家最终灭亡。

Personally, having started my scholarly activity as a medievalist I would like to have at home the 221 volumes of Migne's Patrologia Latina.

拿我自己来说吧，当我以中世纪史学家的身份开始学者生涯时，我一度想在自家摆一套221卷的米涅的《拉丁神父全集》。

The things that one associated with him - home-spun cloth,"soul forces" and vegetarianism - were unappealing, and his medievalist program was obviously not viable in a backward, starving, over-populated country.

那些人们与他联系在一起的东西－家纺布，"灵魂力量"和素食主义－没有吸引力，而且他的中世纪式的纲领显然在落后，饥饿且人口过多的国家没有可行性。

The things that one associated with him—homespun cloth,"soul forces" and vegetarianism—were unappealing, and his medievalist program was obviously not viable in a backward, starving, over-populated country.

与他有关的一些事情如自己织布，"灵魂力量"，素食主义等等都是没有吸引力的，他的中世纪式纲领在一个落后的、饥饿的、人口过多的国家显然是行不通的。

Perhaps the last great revival of monastic spirit came in the autumn of the Middle Ages with the appearance of the mendicant orders.

也许最后的伟大复兴，寺院的精神来在秋天中世纪与外观的mendicant命令。

In Germanic law, all kinds of tort liability needn't make an investigation of feasor's bad psychology but the active and damage. In the late Medieval Age, tort liability didn't think of the fault of behavior in Feudal law, Manorial law, Urban law and Mercantile law, though strict liability was replaced by fault liability in Secular law and Cannon law.

日耳曼法时期，所有的侵权行为都不从行为人的主观上寻求责任存在的基础；到中世纪中晚期，虽然严格责任在教会法和欧洲大陆的世俗法中被过错责任的一般性理论所代替，但各封建王国中的封建法、庄园法、城市法和商人法几乎不考察行为人的主观心理要素；而且，其时的英格兰法律中的严格责任依然保持着绝对的地位。

Firstly, it studies the definition of implication and its classification, basing on this, deeply analyzes the relations between implication and the connective "if, then" universally used in our ordinary life. Then the article points out that implication is logical abstract to the connective "If, then" used in the natural language. However, because of different understanding and mastering to it, implication may have different classification, it can't be given a right definition. We must master it by all kinds of concrete implications. According to different criterion, implication has different categories. This article mainly discusses its classification from two sides: Ancient Greece and Medieval's and metalogic's.

首先，论文简要地考察了蕴涵概念的界定，指出蕴涵是对自然语言中连接词"如果，则"的逻辑抽象，而对它的意义的不同理解和把握，则可以有不同种类的蕴涵，不能笼而统之地对蕴涵下一定义，只有通过各种具体蕴涵去掌握有关蕴涵的理论；依据不同的分类标准，蕴涵可以有不同的类型，本文主要讨论古希腊及中世纪对蕴涵所作的分类及从记号学这一元逻辑的角度出发对蕴涵作的分类。

No post-Medieval philosopher would say anything like this: I study the first causes of things, and am therefore a metaphysician.

中世纪之后的哲学者都不会这样说：我研究了事物的诸第一因，因此是一个形上学家。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。