中世纪

The Middle Ages is called as the heroic age of chivalry.At first,the chivalry in Western Europe in Middle Ages is a cavalryman in heavy equipment who originated from the old Germanic convention.They played a decisive role in the battlefield of Europe in the Middle Ages.

中世纪西欧骑士制度是一种形式化的制度，它是以军事采邑为基础，以骑士服役为特征，把基督教作为它的指导思想，以中小封建主统治为本质的骑士阶层所特有的组织制度、道德准则等诸多方面的总称。

The rise of the scholastics, for the most part outside the Benedictine Order, in later medieval times, seems to have checked, or at any rate relegated to the background, both the literary and the educational activity of the black monks, whilst the introduction of the art of printing rendered superfluous the copying of manuscripts by hand; at the same time it is worth noticing that many of the earliest printing presses were set up in Benedictine cloisters, eg by Caxton at Westminster, and by some authorities the invention of movable types is also ascribed to the sons of St.

的崛起scholastics ，大部分是境外笃命令，在以后的中世纪时代，似乎已经检查，或在任何速度降级的背景，无论是文学和教育活动的黑人僧侣，同时引进最先进的印刷变得多余复制的手稿的手；同时值得注意的是许多最早的印刷厂是成立於笃cloisters ，如卡克斯顿在威斯敏斯特大教堂，和一些当局发明的动产类型也为其儿子的圣本笃。

One is whether people are equal or in a hierarchy, the other is whether the individual or the collective or society is centrical.

从西方哲学史情况来看，古代和中世纪的哲学家大多有等级思想，近代以来的哲学家则大多是反对等级、主张平等的。

In the early Middle Ages, because of the delicate workmanship and high price of chain mail, only the great nobles and kings can afford it.

中世纪早期，由于锁子甲工艺精细，价格昂贵，只有大贵族和国王们才能置办得起。

It's a parade of medieval warrior-women in gilded chain mail, copper verdigris gowns, and glass diadems, each equipped with an armored sleeve.

这是操的中世纪武士-妇女在镀金连锁邮件，铜verdigris袍，和玻璃diadems ，每个配备了装甲套。

It has been set in a medieval mounting and given a foot made of an inverted cup of chalcedony.

它先是被放置在一个中世纪的承托物上，然后又放在一个倒转的玉髓杯子上，作为承托。

The former or the Realist, more numerous in the early Middle Ages (Fredugisus, Rémy d'Auxerre, and John Scotus Eriugena in the ninth century, Gerbert and Odo of Tournai in the Tenth, and William of Chapeaux in the twelfth) attribute to each species a universal essence, to which all the subordinate individuals are tributary.

前者或写实，多在中世纪早期（ Fredugisus ，雷米德欧塞尔，约翰司各脱Eriugena在第九世纪，热尔贝特和Odo的图尔奈在第十，和威廉的开头语中的第十二届）每个属性物种的普遍本质，这是所有的下属个人的支流。

In the Middle Ages he is at times called the "chaplain" of Mary [2]; J.

在中世纪，他有时被称为"牧师"的玛丽[ 2 ]的J。

This inland plain, once a ridge of chalk upland, but now eroded, is largely denuded of the trees---mainly oaks---which covered it so densely during the Middle Ages, and which were a seemingly inexhaustible source of timber until they succumbed in later centuries to the charcoal burner and the builder.

这内陆平原，曾经是一座白垩质高地的脊背，但是现在已被腐蚀风化，那些树木已基本上被剥光——-主要是栎树——-如此在那中世纪年代浓密复盖住这块平原。这原先好像是取之不竭木材的源头，直至在几个世纪后期才屈从给烧炭者和建筑工人。

Influenced by the Romantic movement, the authorities in charge of heritage conservation first focused on medieval buildings, before gradually transferring their attention to increasingly recent periods.

受浪漫主义运动的影响，负责文化遗产保护的机构开始只关注中世纪建筑，后来渐渐地注意力越来越转向近代。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。