中世纪

Although the ancient sects did not survive, aspects of the Gnostic world view have periodically reappeared in many forms: the ancient dualistic religion called Manichaeism and the related medieval heresies of the Albigenses, Bogomils, and Paulicians; the medieval Jewish mystical philosophy known as Cabala; the metaphysical speculation surrounding the alchemy of the Renaissance; 19th-century theosophy; 20th-century existentialism and nihilism; and the writings of the 20th-century Swiss psychologist Carl Jung.

虽然古老的教派没有生存，方面的gnostic的世界观，有定期重新出现在许多形式：古代二元宗教所谓的摩尼教和相关的中世纪的异端邪说的比根斯派，波果米尔人，和paulicians ；中世纪的犹太神秘哲学称为cabala ；形而上的投机周围的炼金术的文艺复兴；十九世纪的theosophy ；二十世纪的存在主义和虚无主义；著作20世纪的瑞士心理学家卡尔容。

The development of financial institution in Anglo-Norman is important for the formation of medieval English financial institution. Based on Anglo-Saxon system, framed in Norman dynasty's feudalism, medieval English financial system was able to form its own characters.

盎格鲁-诺曼时期的财政制度是中世纪英国财政制度的的起点，以盎格鲁撒克逊时期的制度为基础，以诺曼王朝的采邑制度为框架，中世纪英国的财政制度得以形成自己的特点。

The boon space Si evaluation say:"The basinet of the feudalism end and modern capitalism beginning of a reign of starting point, take a somebody as marking of, this person be an Italian but D, his being a basinet be the last poet, in the meantime again is a modern era of first a poet".

恩格斯评价说："封建的中世纪的终结和现代资本主义纪元的开端，是以一位大人物为标志的，这位人物就是意大利人但丁，他是中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人"。

It has direct relation to the Holy Bible of Christianity and the theory of allegorical interpretation of Holy Bible. This paper consists of three parts.Chapter one: symbolic poetics in Middle Ages.

鉴于欧洲中世纪的文学象征思想与基督教《圣经》和隐喻解经理论的直接联系，论文分三部分论述：第一部分：中世纪的象征诗学。

Medieval nobles regarded the martial arts competition as their career and duty because it revealed the values they pursued, i.e. honor, courageousness, and generosity.

中世纪贵族把比武视为其事业和必须履行的责任；比武揭示了中世纪贵族对荣誉、英勇、慷慨品质追求的价值观念。

The body has 2 sections , the first of which reaches into the Christianity" s influence upon the transformation of Western Europe to feudal society : In the early middle ages Western Europe , Christianity together with the traditional ruling class , had reunified the political power of Roman empire with the help of "Divine Right to govern";In the meanwhile , it had contributed to the ethnic unity of the Roman races and the feudalization of Western Europe ; while the other section deals with the Christianity" s impact upon the transformation of Western Europe to capitalism : in the Late Middle Ages , Western Europe , with the emergence of cities , some social changes had taken place .

正文又分为两个部分：Ⅰ。基督教在西欧向封建社会转型中的作用：在西欧中世纪早期，基督教不仅为日尔曼人的统治提供了一套完备的思想理论体系，而且为孕育于两种不同背景下文化的融合搭起了桥梁，并在此基础上促成了西欧封建制的最终形成。Ⅱ。基督教在西欧向资本主义社会转型中的作用：中世纪后期，随着城市的兴起，西欧社会发生了一系列变化。

The Kissing Theology — The Florilegium of Monastic Love Letters In The Middle Ages , The SanLian Bookstore Press 1998,Page4.The pursuance of eternity made numerous believers joined in the monastic movement. The female monastic movement experienced the stages of embryo, development, high tide and falling in the western history. The high peak of the development occurred between 1000 — 1300A.D. in the high middle ages. At that time, the number of the nunneries experienced a inflation stage.

亲吻神学——中世纪修道院情书选》，三联书店1998年版，第4页这种对永恒的追求使众多善男信女纷纷投身到修道行列当中，在西方历史上，女性修道运动经历了一个萌芽、发展、高潮及衰落阶段，其发展的高峰期，约发生于中世纪盛期1000—1300年期间，此时，西欧各地出现了一个修女院数量急剧膨胀的阶段，其规模之大、人数之多及影响之深远是前所未有的。

A general term referring to the Christian philosophy of the Middle Ages, especially at the medieval universities.

的一般用语基督教哲学的中世纪，尤其是在中世纪的大学。

Great papal schism, the critique of medieval theology and philosophy, and economic and population

中世纪的衰落源自中世纪民族政府的衰亡、天主教教会的大分裂、中世纪神学和哲学的争辩，以及因饥荒和疾病带来的人口和经济的崩溃。

"The decline of the Middle Ages resulted from the breakdown of medieval national governments, the great papal schism, the critique of medieval theology and philosophy, and economic and population collapse brought on by famine and disease."

中世纪的衰落源自中世纪民族政府的衰亡、天主教教会的大分裂、中世纪神学和哲学的争辩，以及因饥荒和疾病带来的人口和经济的崩溃。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。