个体遗传型的

To investigate the genetic polymorphism of nine short tandem repeat loci in Han population of Southern China. The 9 STR loci (D11S2368, D12S391, D13S325, D18S1364, D22-GATA198B05, D6S1043, D2S1772, D7S3048, D8S1132) were amplified with STR_Typer_10_v1 kit for 1619 unrelated individuals of Han population in Southern China. The PCR products were analyzed with 3100 genetic analyzer and GeneMapper ID 3.1v software. The forensic efficiency parameters were calculated by PowerState V12.xls and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested with Arlequin 3.11v software.

用STR_Typer_10_v1荧光标记试剂盒，对1 619例中国南方汉族无关个体的9个STR基因座(D11S2368，D12S391，D13S325 D18S1364，D22-GATA198B05，D6S1043，D2S1772，D7S3048，D8S1132)进行扩增，用AB公司3100遗传分析仪和GeneMapper 3.1v软件作STR分型，用PowerState V12.xls分析软件进行等位基因频率和法医学常用参数统计分析，用Arlequin 3.11v软件包作Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium平衡检验。

Methods The 9 STR loci (D11S2368, D12S391, D13S325, D18S1364, D22-GATA198B05, D6S1043, D2S1772, D7S3048, D8S1132) were amplified with STR_Typer_10_v1 kit for 1619 unrelated individuals of Han population in Southern China. The PCR products were analyzed with 3100 genetic analyzer and GeneMapper ID 3.1v software. The forensic efficiency parameters were calculated by PowerState V12. xls and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested with Arlequin 3.11v software. The genetic polymorphism of 9 STR loci in Han population of Southern China was quite high.

用STRT_yper_10_v1荧光标记试剂盒，对1619例中国南方汉族无关个体的9个STR基因座(D11S2368， D12S391， D13S325 D18S1364， D22-GATA198B05， D6S1043， D2S1772， D7S3048， D8S1132)进行扩增，用AB公司3100遗传分析仪和GeneMapper 3.1v软件作STR分型，用PowerStateV12.xls分析软件进行等位基因频率和法医学常用参数统计分析，用Arlequin 3.11v软件包作Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium平衡检验。

The nitrate non-utilizing mutantas an another added genetic marker was used to select the out-crossed perithecium from self-crossed perithecia. Seven crosses were tested in all, including cross between S×S, MR ×S, MR×MR,HR ×S, as well as HR ×MR. The results showed that no recombinant phenotype was found among all progeny of seven crosses. Progeny segregation of crosses between the parents with different sensitive levels (i.e. MR×S, HR×S,HR×MR) clearly fit a 1:1 ratio of two parental phenotypes, and no segregation was found in the crosses of S×S and MR × MR.

从25个敏感菌株和31个抗性菌株中随机挑选了2个S、3个MR和1个HR，并以硝酸盐营养缺陷型突变体作为另一个遗传标记，按照S×S、MR×MR、MR×S、HR×S、HR×MR等共设计了7个杂交组合，对各杂交后代对多菌灵的敏感性测试发现，在所有杂交后代中均未出现除双亲表现型以外的重组型个体，MR×S、HR×S及HR×MR的杂交后代出现了1∶1的分离比例。

A common carp gynogenetic line including 44 individuals derived from the cross Barbless carp Hebao-cold tolerance red carp was used to construct a linkage map using 445 markers (265 AFLP markers, 127 SSR markers, 37 EST-SSR markers and 16 RAPD markers).

用265个AFLP标记、127个微卫星分子标记、37个EST-SSR标记和16个RAPD标记对大头鲤/荷包红鲤抗寒品系的F2雌核发育群体44个个体进行基因型检测，构建鲤鱼遗传连锁图谱。

The data byχ~2 were consistent with the separation ratio as 1: 2: 1 χ~2=4.028＜χ_(0.05,2~2=5.99, which further conformed that glandless character was controlled by a incomplete dominance gene, Gl_2~e. 2. SSR markers every about 5cM were selected in the chromosome 12 of our lab genetic linkage map to screen the parent plants. The markers with the polymorphism were used to amplify the DNA of 210 F_2 segregating plants selected randomly and recorded the marker genotypes. After eliminating the segregation distortion markers byχ~2 test, other SSR markers were detected by linkage analysis.

二、参照本实验室海陆种间遗传连锁图谱第12染色体上的SSR标记，平均每5cM左右选择一个标记进行亲本多态性的筛选，筛选出具有多态性的标记位点进一步扩增随机抽取的210个F_2群体单株的DNA，鉴定每个个体的标记基因型。X~2检测剔除偏分离标记后进行连锁分析，发现Gl_2~e基因位于CIR362与NAU5079之间，进一步参考图谱上位于CIR362与NAU5079之间的标记加密图谱，最终将其定位在CIR362和NAU2251b、NAU3860b、STV033之间。

Farther, the sperm DNA of wild male was extracted from copulated wild female thelycum in three families of the ten.

从其中3个家系的雌性亲虾纳精囊中提取了雄虾精子DNA，微卫星标记显示各家系的子代个体均有一个等位基因与雄性亲虾的基因型相符，且符合孟德尔遗传规律，这为野生中国明对虾雌虾在繁殖季节一对一的繁殖行为提供了遗传学的证据。

In this family, five F1 males and twenty-three F1 females were intercrossed to generate 147 F2 offspring.

根据美国肉畜研究中心公布的猪遗传连锁图谱，在1号和3号染色体上等间隔(20cM)选择8个和9个微卫星标记，对参考家系全部的F~0|、F~1|和F~2|个体进行扩增，获得各标记位点基因型。

This paper pointed out that the essential of geoherbs is continuers quantities variation at population level, geoherb's populations are different in gene frequency with the others'; geohersm are quantitative trait loci controlled by multi-gene or combination with multiple-gene and major gene at individual level.

指出道地性的遗传本质在居群水平通常是个量变的过程，它与种内其他非道地药材区别主要表现为居群内基因型频率的改变；在个体水平表现为微效多基因控制的数量遗传，或是微效多基因和主基因联合控制的数量性状。

By mitochondrial DNA control region sequencing the relationship of haplotype phylogenies can be reconstructed to distinguish the Taiwan ring-necked pheasant and imported ring-necked pheasant. Additionally, the sequencing can be used to analyze genetic diversity and genetic structure. The results are expected to provide the reference base for identifying and conserving Taiwan ring-necked pheasant.

本论文研究结论建议，未来进行原生环颈雉族群保育或人工复育计画时，可利用外部形质测量分析、粒线体DNA基因型与遗传多样性分析，做为环颈雉各原生或外来族群的个体辨识工具，并提供拟订族群保育及复育经营措施之参考依据。

Genotype and phenotype The genotype is the genetic composition of an individual.

适应 是自然选择的结果。基因型和表型基因型是个体的遗传组成。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。