个体遗传型

The heterozygote genotypes in F2 population in this type of species are different from those in general species in which the genetic recombination occurs in meiosis of both male and female.

这类物种的杂交F2群体中杂合子基因型的与一般物种中雌雄个体的减数分裂细胞都发生遗传重纽的F2群体杂合子表型不同。

Johannsen experimented with the Princess bean and found that if the self-fertillzing parent plants were from a mixed population, then selection did indeed work. He described the offspring of single parent as a ' pure line ' and stated that they were genetically identical. In 1905 he coined the terms ' phenotype ' to describe the outward appearance of an individual and ' genotype ' to describe the genetic makeup of an individual.

约翰逊用菜豆做实验，结果发现：如果自体受精的亲本植株来自一个混合群体，那么选择确实是有效的，而被称为"纯系"的单亲后代则表明它们在遗传上是一致的。1905年他首次采用"表现型"来描述某一个体的外观形状，用"基因型"来描述某一个体的遗传组成。

In order to reduce calculation error, the frequency distribution of average values is used to compute the mixed distribution's digital features of each component distribution, thereinto, the number of the component distribution is determined by AIC, choose the number that meets the minimum value of AIC as the component number of mixed distribution, and the other parameters are estimated by EM algorithm; Secondly, because each component distribution is corresponding to a kind of major gene genotype, according to the values of the average and variance of the each component distribution, we can use the limit error of the normal distribution to plot each individual into the correspondent component distribution, namely into correspondent major gene genotype. Then we regard each major gene genotype as a treatment level of one-way analysis of variances, and the one-way multivariate analysis of variance is carried out to calculate the covariance matrix of major gene effect, covariance matrix of polygene effect, covariance matrix of environment effect and so on; At last, combining the weights of the each component distribution of mixed distribution, we can calculate the variance of major gene effect, the variance of polygene effect, environmental variance and the genetic gain of the quantitative trait.

为减小计算误差，本研究采用均值的频数分布来计算各成分分布的数字特征，其中成分分布个数根据AIC准则，选择使AIC值达到最小的成分分布个数作为混合分布的成分分布数，分布中其它参数的确定利用EM算法来估计；其次，每个成分分布对应一种主基因基因型，根据各个成分分布的均值和方差，利用正态分布的极限误差将每个个体划分到相应的成分分布中，即相应的主基因基因型中，将每种主基因型作为单因素方差分析的一个处理水平，对其进行单因素的多元方差分析，分别计算主基因效应协方差阵、多基因效应协方差阵、环境协方差阵等参数；最后结合混合分布中各成分分布的权重即各主基因基因型的分离比例，计算主基因效应方差，多基因效应方差和环境方差，以及遗传力等参数，进而计算该数量性状的遗传进展。

The phenotypically uniform indica rice variety IR64 was chosen for study of the source and inheritance of within cultivar residual variation using a set of SSR markers.

用SSR标记对个体间表型一致的籼稻IR64（由育种家提供的种子，简称S0）品种内的残余遗传变异的来源以及变异的遗传模式进行了研究。

The results showed that the clonal reproduction was preponderant, but it has still a high genetic diversity (Ho=0.7148). At the same time, Corylus heterophylla Fisch genetic individual was found. A single cluster was basically a genetic individual; adjacent clusters were basically the same genotype and clonal reproduction has larger percentage.

结果表明：平榛虽然克隆繁殖占有优势，但仍具有较高的遗传多样性(Ho=0.7148)；同时确定了平榛的遗传个体，同1株丛内个体基本上为1个独立的遗传个体，相邻的株丛个体基因型基本一致，克隆繁殖比率较大。

The result ofpairwise Fst and Neutrality tests revealed significant genetic differentiation amongfour populations,and evolution of mtDNA COI gene incompliance with the Neutralitytheory.The genetic distance was the biggest between HEB and JXL,and was thesmallest between SDT and JXL among the 4 populations.

遗传多样性研究采用了线粒体DNA COI基因序列、RAPD和PCR-RFLP三种分子标记研究大猿叶甲4个地理种群的遗传结构和群体遗传多样性。1、对长约335bp的mtDNA COI片段进行序列分析，在4个群体64个个体中，共发现37个单倍型，总变异位点35个，多态位点29个，含量(63.68％)大于含量(36.32％)。4个地理种群的核苷酸多样性指数分别为，0.082、0.035、0.099、0.186。

This paper pointed out that the essential of geoherbs is continuers quantities variation at population level, geoherb's populations are different in gene frequency with the others'; geohersm are quantitative trait loci controlled by multi-gene or combination with multiple-gene and major gene at individual level.

指出道地性的遗传本质在居群水平通常是个量变的过程，它与种内其他非道地药材区别主要表现为居群内基因型频率的改变；在个体水平表现为微效多基因控制的数量遗传，或是微效多基因和主基因联合控制的数量性状。

The results of microsatellite amplification showed that (1) the genetic relationship is closer among the same body colour bio-type individuals of green peach aphid than that between the red and the green bio-type individuals from three kinds of host plants.

微卫星扩增结果表明：(1)来自不同寄主植物上的同一体色生物型个体之间的遗传关系近于不同体色生物型个体之间的遗传关系。

The study discusses the differences on the morphological characteristics and the genotype of mitochondrial DNA control region between native and imported ring-necked pheasants.

本论文探讨台湾地区本土与外来亚种环颈雉型态特徵及粒线体DNA控制区基因型之差异，以及本岛各族群遗传多样性和遗传结构，俾提供台湾环颈雉个体鉴识与族群保育之参考依据。

Genotype and phenotype The genotype is the genetic composition of an individual.

适应 是自然选择的结果。基因型和表型基因型是个体的遗传组成。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。