两种语言的

The results indicated that one of the measures of examinees' linguistic features, the number of meaningful syllables per minute, exerted significant effects on both scoring methods, and that raters focused on fluency of examinee's discourse at the expense of accuracy and complexity during rating.

实验结果表明考生口语产出的话语特征中流利度衡量指标之每分钟有意义音节数对两种不同评分模式都产生显著影响；评分员在两种评分过程中都注重考生话语的流利性，忽视语言准确性和复杂性。

The thesis studies the difference between GWSs composition and traditional workflow applications, proposes the implement mechanism and technical architecture of GWSs composition and defines the reference model of GWSs composition platform, which provide holistic framework and top-level guidance for studying dynamic GWSs composition technology, designing GWSs composition platform, and implementing representative composite service applications.2、Theories and methods of composite process modeling and process analysis. This thesis proposes a meta-model of Geo-spatial Web services composition process defining from two aspects, i.e. process and resource. According to the process definition meta-model, we propose a new Geo-spatial Web services composition Process/Resource model based on extended WF-net, which effectively resolves the problems on uncertain activity option and dynamic variation of service in composite process model. A notion with regard to soundness of process model is proposed from three aspects, i.e. the structural correctness of process model, validity of data link and validity of resource. The notion of soundness definitely gives a dividing line on correctness of composite GWS process. This thesis analyzes sufficient and essential terms of soundness, and studies compositional property of WSCP/R-net models which provides an effective method to construct a soundness WSCP/R-net model. According to WSCP/R-net, the thesis proposes composition algebra and studies the properties of it. Based on the composition algebra, 6 kinds of composite process reduction rules are induced to optimize the process.3、Geo-spatial Web service QoS model and its application architecture. This thesis proposes an extendable GWS QoS model from three aspects, i.e. Geo-spatial Web Service itself, networking conditions and service consumer which can be used to distinguish GWSs with overlapping or identical functionality. We work over the QoS evaluation methods of composite GWS process which can be used to guide the execution, monitor and service selection of composition process. Aming at some disadvantages in traditional Web service discovery model for its lacking of QoS supporting, this thesis proposes a new service discovery model SDMQ supporting QoS constraints.4、Technologies of composite service executing. SSPL, a new composite service process language, is defined to overcome the disadvantages of existing composite services process languages which can not adapt to the dynamic variation of Geo-spatial Web Services. An algorithm is described to translate WSCP/R-net model into SSPL. The thesis studies the model of dynamic services selection with QoS global optimization, presenting an algorithm GODSS to resolve dynamic services selection with QoS global optimization in GWSs Composition.5、Design and implement experimental system and representative applications. According to the research findings presented above, we design and implement an experimental system and construct two representative applications to show that our achievements are effective and practical.

针对当前空间信息服务聚合研究中存在的若干不足，本文重点在基于工作流的空间信息服务聚合框架、空间信息服务聚合流程建模和分析技术、空间信息服务QoS模型及应用体系以及空间信息服务聚合流程执行等几个方面进行深入研究，主要工作和创新点包括：1、基于工作流的空间信息服务动态聚合框架：研究了空间信息服务动态聚合和传统工作流应用的不同，在此基础上提出了基于工作流技术的空间信息服务动态聚合实现机制、技术体系和参考模型，为研究空间信息服务聚合的关键技术、开发服务聚合支撑平台以及在此基础上构造特定的空间信息服务聚合应用提供了总体框架和顶层指导。2、空间信息服务聚合流程建模和分析技术：首先基于动态服务聚合流程建模的需求和空间信息服务动态变化的应用实际，从服务聚合的过程维和资源维出发定义了服务聚合流程定义元模型；与之相对应，对基本的WF-net进行扩展，提出服务聚合流程/资源网作为空间信息服务聚合流程的形式化描述模型，有效解决了现有的基于基本Petri网和工作流网的服务聚合建模方法所不能解决的不确定路径选择和服务的动态变化性问题；从流程结构正确性、数据依赖有效性和资源实现有效性三个方面提出了WSCP/R-net健壮性的概念，明确界定了聚合流程正确性的标准，并对WSCP/R-net模型的健壮性分析方法和WSCP/R-net模型的组合特性进行了研究；提出了空间信息服务聚合代数算子并对其性质进行了研究，在此基础上提出了6种聚合流程约简规则，从而可达到优化聚合流程、提高聚合流程执行效率的目的。3、空间信息服务QoS模型和应用体系：从服务本身、网络环境和服务消费者三个层次出发，提出了一个可扩展的空间信息服务QoS模型GSQM，实现了对空间信息服务的度量和评价，并对GSQM不同质量要素信息的客观、公正采集方法进行了研究；研究了空间信息服务聚合流程QoS评价方法，有效支持了空间信息服务聚合流程的执行、监控以及服务选择等操作；针对目前的服务发现模型仅支持服务功能性描述、不能有效满足空间信息服务应用需求的现状，提出了一种新的支持QoS约束的服务发现模型SDMQ，并对模型的实现框架进行了研究。4、空间信息服务聚合流程执行技术：针对现有的服务聚合流程描述语言不能有效满足空间信息服务动态聚合流程描述的特点，基于BPEL4WS提出了一种新的空间信息服务聚合流程描述语言SSPL；研究了满足健壮性要求的WSCP/R-net模型向SSPL的转换算法，在此基础上可以满足用户无显式编码来实现空间信息服务聚合应用的目的；研究了服务动态选择QoS全局优化模型，并在此基础上提出了一种解决服务动态选择QoS全局优化问题的实现算法GODSS.5、基于论文研究成果，设计实现了"空间信息服务聚合实验系统"，并构建了"矿产资源评价"和"城市消防应急响应"两个典型应用案例，对论文所述模型、方法的可行性和有效性进行了验证。

Teaching art includes language art and non-language art. They are interdependent and interrelate.

教学艺术又包括语言艺术和非语言艺术两个方面，这两种形式是相互联系、相互依赖和互为补充的关系。

In a small open boat, of which the name was illegible, but which is supposed to have belonged to the missing schooner Ipecacuanha.

"提到"被人从一条小小的敞篷船上救起"之前，也完全是遵从汉语首端开放式的语言特点，读来非常顺口，摆脱了"翻译腔的种种痕迹，既准确传递了语言信息，又流畅通顺地将目的语表述清楚，成功地进行了解决了英语末端开放与汉语首端开放两种不同语言模式的转换。

The Daoist communication medium possesses two kinds of manifestations: oral linguistic form and the written language form.

道教的语言传播媒介有两种表现形式，即声音语言形式和书面语言形式。

In the meantime music and dance are dynamic state arts with the human body perform for intermediate, which have two kinds of cultural characteristic of language writing and non- language literalness and the non-language writing characteristic be theirs main aspect, which make race music and dance of protection and lineage have more difficulties comparing cultural heritage ancient works and cultural object ruins .

同时，音乐和舞蹈是以人体表演为中介的动态艺术，它具有语言文字与非语言文字的两种文化特征，非语言文字特征是它的主要方面，这就使得民族音乐和舞蹈的保护与传承较文献典籍和文物遗址而言有更大的难度。

In the meantime music and dance are dynamic state arts with the human body perform for intermediate, which have two kinds of cultural characteristic of language writing and non- language literalness and the non-language writing characteristic be theirs main aspect, which make race music and dance of protection and lineage have a larger difficulty comparing cultural heritage ancient works and cultural object ruins .

同时，音乐和舞蹈是以人体表演为中介的动态艺术，它具有语言文字与非语言文字的两种文化特征，非语言文字特征是它的主要方面，这就使得民族音乐和舞蹈的保护与传承较文献典籍和文物遗址而言有更大的难度。

As a result, it comes to two kinds of intention structure: one is intention structure in phenomenology, with its language logic ""S" is "P""; the other is intention structure in Speech Act Theory of Austin and Searle, which is made up of psychological model and description of content in form of "noun + intentionality + clause".

在此基础上形成了两种意向结构：一是现象学范畴活动的意向结构，其语言的逻辑形式是"S是P"；二是奥斯汀和塞尔的言语行为的意向结构，它是由某种心理模式和对内容的描述所构成，其语言结构是"名词性的词+意向词+从句"。正是从"S是P"这一语言的基本逻辑结构出发，语言的意向构造的基底才真正被找到。

What's the aim of contrastive study?

通过两种或多种语言的对比研究，可以更好地认识语言的结构，进一步认识语言的本质。

Two ways can be used to achieve foregrounding, namely, the intentional departure from the norm of the standard and the overregular use of the norm.

前景化有两种实现手段，一种是对标准语言的背离，另一种则是对标准语言的超常规使用。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。