两汉

On the basis of relevant historical documents, this paper attempts to inquire into ancient China's drugs for Shamanic ecstasy.

两汉时期，医疗技术的独立发展可能是萨满昏迷药物渐至湮没的原因。

Hostage system,which rooted from "to present hostages as pawn" between the feudal princes of Spring and Autumn Period Warring Stases Time,was preliminarily established the system described "sending pepole for hostages" and "presenting hostages as vassals" in Western and Eastern Han Dynasty.

它基本符合了两汉政权与少数民族双方的意愿，客观上加强了周边少数民族与内地封建王朝的联系，巩固了中央对边疆的统治，有利于中原地区与边疆各族之间经济、文化等方面的交流，加速中华民族的融合和统一进程。

These fables revealed the dark reality, satirize d the ugly phenomena,blazoned forth the Confucius and Mencius thoughts,and served as the bailment of people s ideals.

他的寓言继承了先秦、两汉、唐宋寓言的优良传统，揭露黑暗现实，讽刺丑恶现象，宣扬孔孟之道，寄托人生理想。

Before the Bamboo and Sick books were unearthed, the research conditions were not enough to see through the punctuation usage situation in Qin, Han and Chu periods. Because most of the documents that people see are those passed down generation after generation, it is hard to say that they still keep the original taste of them.

先秦两汉时期文献中的标点符号的情况到底是怎么样的，过去在简帛文献未问世以前，这一课题是不具备研究条件的，因为人们所见的上古文献，绝大部分是传世文献，这些流传了两千多年的文献，很难说还保留了多少原貌。

The metaphysics of Wei and Jin dynasties was one of the most influencial ethoses in the history of thinking culture in China.

它同先秦诸子之学、两汉经学、隋唐佛学、宋明理学一样，在中国文化史上占有重要地位。

This paper mainly consists of five parts. The Introduction mainly defines the scope and relative concepts, and covers the present situation of research about it. The first chapter traces the Seeing-off-poetry's cultural origin, classifies its emotion contents and artistic achievements, and differentiates the flows from the base of comprehensive reorganization of the Seeing-off-poetry from pre-Qin to latter-Han Dynasty. The second chapter studies its variations about styles, artistic expressions, and gentries' spirit features. And in this part we also discuss the reasons of Four-word-see-off-poetry's booming and its peculiarities in Jin Dynasty. The third chapter demonstrates the influence on Seeing-off-poetry in the Early and Glorious Ages of Tang Dynasty such as the construction ways, poetry images and emotion styles. The Appendix enumerates all the 465 Seeing-off poems' tittles, authors, their birth and dead time, writing time and sources of quotation one by one, so that all of them can be checked to prepare the investigation.

论文主要有五个部分：&绪论&重在界定魏晋南北朝送别诗的研究范围和相关概念，并对其研究现状作一全面回顾；第一章&送别诗溯源&，在全面整理先秦两汉送别诗的基础上，对《诗经》以来送别诗的文化渊源、情感內容和艺术成就分类概说，辨明其源流；第二章&魏晋南北朝送别诗研究&，从诗体、艺术表达、士人精神风貌三个角度研究这一时期送别诗的演变，并探讨两晋时期四言送别诗的繁盛原因及其特点；第三章&对唐代送别诗影响&，从建构方式、诗歌意象、情感风格三个方面论证魏晋南北朝送别诗对初盛唐送别诗的影响；&附录&部分列出魏晋南北朝送别诗系年一览表，分朝代逐条列举魏晋南北朝465首送别诗的诗题、作者、生卒年、创作时间及其出处，以备查考。

Chapter Five studyies the action of literators in the end of Han dynasty.

第四章，揭示两汉中期儒道融合状况，探讨此期内对庄子艺术观的理性化接受。

Part V is the conclusion, which summarizes the policies and measurers that cared the needy group during the "two Han Dynasties", and summaries the active role of social development in the "two Han Dynasties" and future effects.

第五部分结语，总结了两汉时期关怀贫弱群体的政策和措施，对汉代社会的发展所起的积极作用及其对后世的影响。

First, this paper limits the research scope of HouRen motif in the poetry of Pre-Han Dynasty and gives them a classification research. Second, excavates the cultural implication and aesthetic implication thoroughly.

本文以先秦两汉诗歌为侯人母题的研究范围，在对这一母题模式进行分类研究的基础上，对其文化蕴含和美学意蕴进行了深入挖掘。

The crying language has always been developing and changing,especially in the decades after China's reform and opening,during which time the crying language has undergone dramatic changes in meaning,form,content and even the pedlars.

但是，商品叫卖语言从来是一种相对比较粗糙简陋的、极其口语化的语言现象，向来不能堂而皇之地登上文学语言的殿堂，因此在尚存世的先秦两汉典

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。